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Clay Minerals in Hydrothermally Altered Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Pontides, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Muazzez Çelik ,
Necati Karakaya  and
Abidin Temel
Muazzez Çelik*
Affiliation:
Selçuk University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, 42079 Konya, Turkey
Necati Karakaya
Affiliation:
Selçuk University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, 42079 Konya, Turkey
Abidin Temel
Affiliation:
Hacettepe University Engineering Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, 06635 Ankara, Turkey
*
E-mail of corresponding author: mcelik@cc.selcuk.edu.tr
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Abstract

Extensive hydrothermal alteration is observed around volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. These deposits are related to Late Cretaceous volcanism in various parts of the Eastern Pontide province. Mineral assemblages resulting from alteration consist of mostly clay minerals and silica polymorphs, some sulfate minerals, and scarce zeolite minerals. The clay minerals are kaolinite, illite, and smectite. These minerals were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and differential thermal analysis (DTA)-thermal gravimetry (TG) techniques. The illite and the toseki deposits are a result of hydrothermal alteration of dacitic-andesitic volcanites. Two groups of bentonite deposits occur; the first mainly formed by hydrothermal solution whereas the second group resulted from halmyrolysis.

The smectite in these alteration zones is generally montmorillonitic in composition and the interlayer cation is mostly Ca and lesser amounts of Na. The SiO2 and Fe2O3 contents of the hydrothermal bentonites are higher than those of the halmyrolysis smectites; however, the MgO content of both groups is similar. The Na2O and K2O contents of both groups are generally <0.5%. The hydrothermal bentonites are not plastic and have open honeycomb microtextures, although the halmyrolitic smectites are plastic with ultrafine and rod-shaped textures. Illite, which contains some smectite layers, is a 1M polymorph, and has an asymmetry to the low-angle side of the XRD peaks. The impure illite deposits contain various combinations of smectite, kaolinite and gypsum, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, goetite, and quartz. The illite has >35 wt. % Al2O3. The toseki raw material, which may be possibly useful as a porcelain raw material, is composed mainly of illite, kaolinite and quartz, or illite and quartz. The crystallinity of the kaolinite is poor.

Keywords

BentoniteClay MineralsEastern PontidesHydrothermal AlterationIlliteSmectiteTosekiVolcanogenic Massive Sulfide
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 47 , Issue 6 , December 1999 , pp. 708 - 717
Copyright
Copyright © 1999, The Clay Minerals Society

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