Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-10T11:21:50.763Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aspects on the Illitization of the Kinnekulle Bentonites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Roland Pusch  and
Fritz T. Madsen
Roland Pusch
Affiliation:
Clay Technology AB and Lund University of Technology, S-22370 Lund, Sweden
Fritz T. Madsen
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Clay Mineralogy, Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Earlier interpretations of the conversion of the virgin smectite of the Ordovician Kinnekulle K-bentonites into the present mixed-layer illite/smectite imply that it took place through charge increase of the smectite with subsequent uptake and fixation of potassium. Recent analyses show that the layer charge of the smectite component of the I/S is in fact low and they suggest that neoformation of a separate illite phase took place. Pytte's kinetic model gives good agreement with the actual conversion rate for an activation energy of about 25–27 kcal/mole, depending on the adopted rate parameters, temperature history and assumed potassium source. In the Kinnekulle case the rate-controlling factor appears to have been the supply of potassium, which is concluded to have required large-scale, heat-induced groundwater convection.

Keywords

BentoniteIllitizationSmectites
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , June 1995 , pp. 261 - 270
Copyright
Copyright © 1995, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altaner, S. P., 1989. Calculation of K diffusional rates in bentonite beds. Geochim. Cosmochi. Acta 53: 923–931.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., 1980. Conodonts as paleotemperature tools in Ordovician rocks of the Caledonides and adjacent areas in Scandinavia and the British Isles. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 102: Pt. 4, Stockholm, 377–392.Google Scholar
Brusewitz, A. M., 1986. Chemical and physical properties of Paleozoic bentonites from Kinnekulle, Sweden. Clays & Clay Miner. 34: 442–454.Google Scholar
Byström, A. M., 1956. Mineralogy of the Ordovician bentonite beds at Kinnekulle, Sweden. Swedish Geological Survey, Ser. C No. 540. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Güven, N., Carney, L. L., and Ridpath, B. E. 1987. Evaluation of geothermal drilling fluids using a commercial bentonite and a bentonite/saponite mixture. Contractor Report SAND 86–7180, SANDIA Nat. Laboratories. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 122 pp.Google Scholar
Huang, W-L., Longo, J. M., and Pevear, D. R. 1993. An experimentally derived kinetic model for smectite-to-illite conversion and its use as a geothermometer. Clays & Clay Miner. 41: 162–177.Google Scholar
Inoue, A., Watanabe, T., Kohyama, N., and Brusewitz, A. M. 1990. Characterization of illitization of smectite in bentonite beds at Kinnekulle, Sweden. Clays & Clay Miner. 38: 241–249.Google Scholar
Johansson, S., Sundius, N., and Westergård, A. H. 1943. Beskrivning till kartbladet Lidköping. Swedish Geological Survey, Ser. Aa 182, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Kamei, G., Arai, T., Yusa, Y., Sasaki, N., and Sakuramoto, Y. 1990. Estimation of illitization rate of smectite from the thermal history of Murakami Deposit, Japan. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 176: 657–663.Google Scholar
Müller-Vonmoos, M., Kahr, G., Bucher, F., and Madsen, F. T. 1990. Investigation of Kinnekulle K-bentonite aimed at assessing the long-term stability of bentonites under repository conditions. Eng. Geol. 28: 269–280.Google Scholar
Müller-Vonmoos, M., Kahr, G., and Madsen, F. T. 1994. Intracrystalline swelling of mixed-layer illite/smectite in K-bentonites. Clay Miner. 29: 205–213.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Wilson, M. J., McHardy, W. J., and Tait, J. M. 1985. The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis. Evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones. Mineral. Mag. 49: 393–400.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., 1962. Clay particles. Swedish Building Research Council, Transactions 40: Stockholm.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., 1971. Microstructural features of pre-Quaternary clays. Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, Stockholm Contributions in Geology XXIV: 1.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., 1983. Stability of deep-sited smectite minerals in crystlline rock—Chemical aspects. SKBF/KBS Technical Report 83–16. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., and Karnland, O. 1988a. Hydrothermal effects on montmorillonite. A preliminary study. SKB Technical Report 88–15. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., and Karnland, O. 1988b. Geological evidence of smectite longevity. The Sardinian and Gotland cases. SKB Technical Report 88–26. Swedish Nucler Fuel and Waste Management Co. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., 1992. Investigations of a clay profile on southern Gotland of presumed value for documentation of smectite/illite conversion. SKB Arbetsrapport 92–74. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Pusch, R., 1994. Waste Disposal in Rock. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering. New York: Elsevier Publ. Co., 76 pp.Google Scholar
Pytte, A. M., and Reynolds, R. C. The thermal transformation of smectite to illite. In Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins. Naeser, N. D., and McCulloh, T. H., 1989 eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, 133–140.Google Scholar
Thorslund, P., 1945. Om bentonitlager i Sveriges kambrosilur. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 67: 286.Google Scholar
Watanabe, T., 1988. The structural model of illite/smectite interstratified minerals and the diagram for its identification. Clay Science 7: 97–114.Google Scholar
Velde, B., and Brusewitz, A. M. 1982. Metasomatic and non-metasomatic lowgrade metamorphism of Ordovician meta-bentonites in Sweden. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 447–452.Google Scholar