Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T14:02:52.090Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Illite Polytype Quantification Using Wildfire© Calculated X-Ray Diffraction Patterns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Georg H. Grathoff  and
D. M. Moore
Georg H. Grathoff
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
D. M. Moore
Affiliation:
Illinois State Geological Survey, 615 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, Illinois 61820
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Illite polytype quantification allows the differentiation of diagenetic and detrital illite components. In Paleozoic shales from the Illinois Basin, we observe 3 polytypes: 1Md, 1M and 2M1. 1Md and 1M are of diagenetic origin and 2M1 is of detrital origin. In this paper, we compare experimental X-ray diffraction (XRD) traces with traces calculated using WILDFIRE© and quantify mixtures of all 3 polytypes, adjusting the effects of preferred orientation and overlapping peaks. The broad intensity (“illite hump”) around the illite 003, which is very common in illite from shales, is caused by the presence of 1Md illite and mixing of illite polytypes and is not an artifact of sample preparation or other impurities in the sample. Illite polytype quantification provides a tool to extrapolate the K/Ar age and chemistry of the detrital and diagenetic end-members by analysis of different size fractions containing different proportions of diagenetic and detrital illite polytypes.

Keywords

Cis-vacantIllitePolytypesQuantificationTrans-vacantX-ray Diffraction
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 44 , Issue 6 , December 1996 , pp. 835 - 842
Copyright
Copyright © 1996, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austin, G.S., Glass, H.D. and Hughes, R.E.. 1989. Resolution of the polytype structure of some illitic clay minerals that appear to be 1Md. Clays Clay Miner 37: 128–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W.. 1966. The status of clay mineral structures. Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals. New York: Pergamon Pr. p 1–23.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W.. 1980. Structures of layer silicates. In: Brindley, G.W., Brown, G., editors. Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification, Monograph No. 5. London: Mineralogical Society. p 1–123.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Goldstaub, S., Kato, A., Pabst, A., Schulz, H., Taylor, H.F.W., Fleischer, M. and Wilson, A.J.M.. 1977. International Union of Crystallography, report of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA)-International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Joint Committee on Nomenclature. Acta Crystallogr Sect A 33: 681–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. and Brindley, G.W.. 1980. X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification. In: Brindley, G.W., Brown, G., editors. Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification. Monograph No. 5. London: Mineralogical Society. p 305–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caillère, S., Henin, S. and Rautureau, M.. 1982. Minéralogie des Argiles. Paris: Masson. 421 p.Google Scholar
Dalla Torre, M., Stern, W.B. and Frey, M.. 1994. Determination of white K-mica polytype ratios: comparison of different XRD methods. Clay Miner 29: 717–726.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A., Plançon, B.A., Sakharov, B.A., Besson, G., Tsipursky, S.I. and Tchoubar, C.. 1984. Diffraction effects calculated for structural models of K-saturated montmorillonite containing different types of defects. Clay Miner 19: 541–561.Google Scholar
Grathoff, G.H., Moore, D.M., Kluessendorf, J. and Mikulic, D.G.. 1995. The Waukesha illite, a Silurian residuum from karstification, proposed as a candidate for the Source Clay Repository. Program with abstracts, 32nd annual Clay Minerals Society Meeting; Baltimore, Maryland; 1995 June 3-8. p 54.Google Scholar
Guinier, A., Bokij, G.B., Boll-Dornberger, K., Cowley, J.M., Durovic, S., Jagodzinski, H., Krishna, P., De Wolff, P.M., Zvyagin, B.B., Cox, D.E., Goodman, P., Hahn, T.h., Kuchitsu, K. and Abrahams, S.C.. 1984. Nomenclature of polytype structures: Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the nomenclature of disordered, modulated and polytype structures. Acta Crystallogr Sect A 40: 399–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, D.. 1983. Argillic alteration associated with the amethyst vein system, Creede Mining District, Colorado [dissertation]. Champaign/Urbana, IL: Univ of Illinois. 337 p.Google Scholar
Hower, J., Hurley, P.M., Pinson, W.H. and Fairbairn, H.W.. 1963. The dependence of K-Ar age on the mineralogy of various particle size ranges in a shale. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27: 405–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunziker, J.C., Frey, M., Clauer, N., Dallmeyer, R.D., Friedrichsen, H., Flehmig, W., Hochstrasser, K., Roggwiler, P. and Schwander, H.. 1986. The evolution of illite to muscovite: mineralogical and isotopic data from the Glarus Alps, Switzerland. Contrib Mineral Petrol 92: 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, R.W.. 1965. The optical principles of the diffraction of X-rays. Vol. II of The crystalline state. Bragg, Sir L, editor. Ithaca, NY: Cornel] Univ Pr. 664 p.Google Scholar
Levinson, A.A.. 1955. Studies in the mica group: polytypism among illites and hydrous micas. Am Mineral 40: 41–49.Google Scholar
Maxwell, D.T. and Hower, J.. 1967. High-grade diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of illite in the Precambrian Belt Series. Am Mineral 52: 843–857.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Hower, J.. 1986. Ordered interstratification of dehydrated and hydrated Na-smectite. Clays Clay Miner 34: 379–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oreskes, N., Shrader-Fechette, K. and Belitz, K.. 1994. Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences. Science 263: 641–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pevear, D.R.. 1992. Illite age analysis, a new tool for basin thermal history analysis. In: Kharaka, Y.K., Maest, A.S., editors. Water-rock interaction. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: AA Balkema. p 1251–1254.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. 1963. Potassium-rubidium ratios and polytypism in illites and microclines from the clay size fractions of proterozoic carbonate rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27: 1097–1112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. 1985. NEWMOD©: A computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional diffraction patterns of mixed-layered clays. Hanover, NH: RC Reynolds, Jr, 8 Brook Rd.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. 1993. Three-dimensional X-ray powder diffraction from disordered illite: Simulation and interpretation of the diffraction patterns. In: Reynolds, R.C. Jr., Walker, J.R., editors. Clay Minerals Society workshop lectures, Vol 5. Computer applications to X-ray powder diffraction analysis of clay minerals. Boulder, CO: Clay Minerals Society. p 43–78.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. and Thomson, C.H.. 1993. Illite from the Potsdam sandstone of New York: A probable noncentrosymetric mica structure. Clays Clay Miner 41: 66–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. 1994. WILDFIRE©: A computer program for the calculation of three-dimensional X-ray diffraction patterns for mica polytypes and their disordered variations. Hanover, NH: RC Reynolds, Jr, 8 Brook Rd.Google Scholar
Smith, J.V. and Yoder, H.S. Jr. 1956. Experimental and theoretical studies of the mica polymorphs. Miner Mag 31: 209–231.Google Scholar
Tettenhorst, R.T. and Corbató, C.E.. 1993. Quantitative analysis of mixtures of 1M and 2M1 dioctahedral micas by X-ray diffraction. Clays Clay Miner 41: 45–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsipursky, S.I. and Drits, V.A.. 1984. The distribution of octahedral cations in the 2: 1 layers of dioctahedral smectites studied by oblique-texture electron diffraction. Clay Miner 9: 177–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B. and Hower, J.. 1963. Petrological significance of illite polymorphism in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Am Mineral 48: 1239–1254.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. and Broekstra, B.R.. 1984. Illite-mica. In: Weaver, C.E. et al., editors. Shale slate metamorphism in the Southern Appalachians. Developments in Petrology 10. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p 67–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar