Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T22:30:38.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Multifunctional Ionization as Illustrated by the Clay Minerals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

C. E. Marshall
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The electrochemical properties of clays are discussed under four rules which arise from considerations of the bonding energy of ions associated with charged surfaces. The mean free bonding energy of a cation associated with a negatively charged surface is determined by calculation from conventional potentiometric measurements with membrane electrodes.

The first three rules are concerned with the effects of valency upon ionization. They arise directly from the method of calculating cationic mean free bonding energies, applicable to monofunctional surfaces as regards Rule 3, and to polyfunctional surfaces also as regards Rules 1 and 2.

The fourth rule (Jarusov’s rule) deals with mixtures of cations on polyfunctional surfaces. It may be expressed verbally by stating that the cation with the higher mean free bonding energy preempts those positions on the surface which manifest greater mean free bonding energy.

The incidence of each rule is examined, using data from studies of cationic activities in clay systems. The factors which cause deviations from these idealized rules are discussed. Graphical data are presented for Wyoming bentonite, Arizona bentonite (montmorillonite), and Putnam clay (montmorillonite group); illite, kaolinite and attapulgite.

Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) , Volume 2: Publication 327, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, October 15-17, 1953 , February 1953 , pp. 364 - 385
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 1953

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contribution from the Department of Soils, Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Missouri. Journal Series No. 1271.

References

Barber, S. A., and Marshall, C. E. (1951) Ionization of soils and soil colloids: II Potassium-calcium relationships in montmorillonite group clays and in attapulgite: Soil Sci, v. 72, p. 373–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, S. A., and Marshall, C. E. (1952) Ionization of soil and soil colloids: III Potassium-calcium relationships in illite, kaolinite, and halloysite: Soil Sci, v. 73, p. 403–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beavers, A. H., and Marshall, C. E. (1950) The cataphorcsis of clay minerals and f actors affecting their separation: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, v. 15, p. 142–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, B, and Marshall, C. E. (1950) Studies in the ionization of magnesium, calcium, and bariutn clays: J. Phys. Coll. Chem, v. 54, p. 671–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarusov, S. S. (1937) Mobility of exchangeable cations in the soil: Soil Sci, v. 43, p. 285–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenny, H., and Ayers, A. D. (1939) The influence of the degree of saturation of soil colloids on the nutrient intake by roots: Soil Sci, v. 48, p. 443–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, E. O. (1949) Reciprocal effects of magnesium and potassium as shown by their cat ionic activities in four clays: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 14, p. 89–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, E. O. (1950) Interrelationships of potassium, sodium, and calcium as shown by their activities in a beidellite clay: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, v. 15, p. 102–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, E. O, and Marshall, C. E. (1948) Reciprocal effects of calcium and potassium as shown by their cationic activities in montmorillonite: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, v. 13, p. 179–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. E. (1950) The electrochemistry of the clay minerals in relation to pedology: 4th Intern. Congr. Soil Sci. Trans, Amsterdam, v. 2, p. 71–82.Google Scholar
Marshall, C. E., and Ayers, A. D. (1946) Clay membrane electrodes for determining calcium activities: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 11, p. 171–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. E., and Barber, S. A. (1949) The calcium-potassium relationships of clay minerals as revealed by activity measurements: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 14, p. 86–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. E, and Bergman, W. E. (1942) The electrochemical properties of mineral membranes. II Measurements of potassium-ion activities in colloidal clays: J. Phys. Chem, v. 46, p. 52–61; IV The measurement of ammonium ion activities in colloidal clays: ibid., p. 327-334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. E., and Krinbill, C. A. (1942) The clays as colloidal electrolytes: J. Phys. Chem, v. 46, p. 1077–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. E., and McLean, E. O. (1948) The activities of calcium and potassium ions as related to concentration and drying in clay suspensions: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. (1947), v. 12, p. 172–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitra, R. (1942) Electrochemical aspects of ion exchange in clays, bentonites and clay minerals: Indian Soc. Soil Sci. Bull, v. 4, p. 41–147.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. N., Mitra, R. R., and Mukherjee, S. (1937) The characteristic properties of colloidal solutions of acidic substances which distinguish them from acids in true solution: Nat. Inst. Sciences India Trans, v. 1, p. 227–292.Google Scholar
Paver, H., and Marshall, C. E. (1930) The role of aluminum in the reactions of the clays: J. Soc. Chem. Ind, v. 53, p. 750–760.Google Scholar
Verwey, E. J. W., and Overbeek, J. Th. G. (1948) Theory of the stability of lyophobic colloids: Elsevier Pub. Co, Inc., New York, 205 p.Google Scholar