Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T18:33:25.469Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluation of selected kaolins as raw materials for the Turkish cement and concrete industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

A. Aras ,
M. Albayrak ,
M. Arikan  and
K. Sobolev
A. Aras
Affiliation:
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Turkey
M. Albayrak
Affiliation:
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Turkey
M. Arikan
Affiliation:
Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey
K. Sobolev*
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Mexico
*
*E-mail: sobolev@fic.uanl.mx
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Turkey has a long tradition (starting with prehistoric civilizations) and experience in exploring for raw clay materials and processing them into ceramic products. Many of these products, such as tiles and sanitary ware, are manufactured for domestic and export markets. Kaolin is one of the raw materials of major importance for the ceramic and paper industry, as well as for a number of auxiliary applications. There is ongoing interest in applying kaolin in the construction industry as a raw material in the production of white cement clinker and as an artificial pozzolanic additive for concrete (in the form of metakaolin). This report presents results related to search, assessment and evaluation of available resources for advanced cement and concrete additives.

Keywords

kaolinmetakaolinconstructionresourcesceramicscementXRDSEMTurkey
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , June 2007 , pp. 233 - 244
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arikan, M., Sobolev, K., Yeğinobali, A., Ertün, T., Albayrak, M., Aras, A., Kovler, K. and Shvarzman, A. (2003) Development of Cement and Concrete Additives Based on Thermally Activated Kaolin. TUBITAK Project Proposal İÇTAG-680 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Arkun, O. (1977) Exploration of kaolin in the Bor area, Aksaray-Güzelyurt. MTA Open-File Report No. 5716 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Arslan, İ.H., Yiğit, E., Özel, P., Seyhan, İ., Cengiz, E., Yücel, O., Şahiner, M., İnel, İ., Tezcan, İ., Çiçek, S., Demirhan, H., Ulu, E., Erçetin, Y., Aras, A., Kirikoğlu, M., Güngör, N., Sever, M., Karakaya, E. & Bozdoğan, İ. (Industrial Raw Materials Investigation Team) (2001) VIII-State Five Year Plan —Mining Task Supreme Commission —Industrial Raw Materials Group I: Ceramic Clays-Kaolin-Feldspar- Pyrophyllite-Wollastonite-Talk. DPT, Ankara, 204. DPT: 2611-ÖİK, 622 (in Turkish). http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/madencil/sanayiha/oik622.pdf Google Scholar
Bundy, W. & Ishley, J. (1991) Kaolin in paper filling and coating. Applied Clay Science, 5, 397–420.Google Scholar
Burst, J. (1991) The application of clay minerals in ceramics. Applied Clay Science, 5, 421–443.Google Scholar
Caldarone, M., Gruber, K. & Burg, R. (1994) Highreactivity metakaolin: A new generation mineral admixture. Concrete International, 16, 35–40.Google Scholar
Cravero, F., Gonzalez, I., Galán, E. & Dominguez, E. (1997) Geology, mineralogy, origin and possible applications of some Argentinian kaolins in the Neuquen basin. Applied Clay Science, 12, 27–42.Google Scholar
Demirhan, M. (1986) Study on the kaolin concessions in the Kutahya-Simavand Altintas areas, and the Balıkesir-Sindirgi area. MTA Open-File Report No, 1849 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Ece, O.I., Nakagawa, Z.-E., & Schroeder, P.A. (2003) Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile region, Northern Istanbul, Turkey. I: Clay Mineralogy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 675–688.Google Scholar
Fujii, N., Kayabalı, İ. & Saka, A.H. (1995) Data Book of Ceramic Raw Material of Selected Areas in Turkey. MTA, Monograph Series No. 1, 144 pp.Google Scholar
Fujii, N., Kucuksille, N., Yalhı, T. & Ozcelik, N. (1980) Some Kaolin Deposits in the West Anatolia Province. MTA, Report No. 6818 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Gençoglu, H., Bayhan, H. & Yalçin, H. (1989) Mineralogy and genesis of the kaolin deposits around Bilecik-Söğüt area. Proceedings of the National Clay Conference, Turkey, pp. 97-112 (in Turkish with English abstract).Google Scholar
Gözler, M.Z., Karayazici, F., Kasapoğlu, İ., Işiker, A.K., Çetinel, G., Yigit, E., Özpeker, I., İrkeç, A.T. Seyhan, İ., İşcan, A., Özel, A., Göver, Y., Özker, E., Bozdoğan, İ., Dündar, A., Subaşi, C., Korkmaz, T., Önemli, Ö.F., Erdoğan, F., Fenemen, A., Uman, Ö., Sipahi, H., Arkun, O., Elarslan, H., Demirhan, H., Büyükçayir, I., Demirata, A.N., Aksoy, O., Renda, D., Uyanik, M., İça, M., Gökkaya, H., Bulutoğlu, F., Çelik, H., Sayin, Ş.A., Erkök, M., Kahraman, E. & Özer, R. (Ceramics-Refractory-Glass Raw Materials Investigation Team) (1995) State Five Year Plan —Mining Task Supreme Commission —Industrial Raw Materials Group I: Kaolin-Ceramic Clays-Feldspar-Pyrophyllite- Wollastonite-Talc, Vol. 1, DPT, Ankara, 197. DPT: 2418—ÖIK: 477 (in Turkish). http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/madencil/sanayiha/oik477c1.pdf.Google Scholar
Guggenheim, S., Bain, D.C., Bergaya, F., Brigatti, M.F., Drits, V.A., Eberl, D.D., Formoso, M.L.L., Galán, E., Merriman, R.J., Peacor, D.R., Stanjek, H. & Watanabe, T. (2002) Report of the Association Internationale pour l’Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2001: Order, disorder and crystallinity in phyllosilicates and the use of the ‘Crystallinity Index’. Clay Minerals, 37, 389–393.Google Scholar
He, C., Makovicky, E. & Osbæck, B. (1994) Thermal stability and pozzolanic activity of calcined kaolin. Applied Clay Science, 9, 165–187.Google Scholar
Irkeç, A., Yersel, H., Kirikoglu, M. & Demir, N. (1985) Refractory clay and kaolin deposits in the Bayramiç-Çan area, Çanakkale region. MTA Open-File Report No. 7654 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Kakali, G., Perraki, T., Tsivilis, S. & Badogiannis, E. (2001) Thermal treatment of kaolin: the effect of mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity. Applied Clay Science, 20, 73–80.Google Scholar
Kalyoncuoğlu, A., Özkan, O. & Aktaran, I. (1977) Exploration on the refractory clay and kaolin deposits in Inhisar-Yakacik-Çatli-Küre-Yeniköy (Bilecik Soğüt) area. MTA-EHM Open-File Report No. 1380 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Karaağaç, Ç. (1975) Detailed geological investigation on the Karaçayir kaolin deposit, U§ak region. MTA Open-File Report No. 5389 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Konta, J. (1980) Properties of Ceramic Raw Materials. Pp. 1–32 in: Handbook of Ceramics. Ceramic Monographs, Schmid, Freiburg, Germany.Google Scholar
Küçüksille, N. (1979) Report on the alunite-bearing kaolin deposits at Güzelyurt, Nigde-Aksaray. MTA Open-File Report No. 6500 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Murray, H.H. (1991) Overview —clay mineral applications. Applied Clay Science, 5, 379–395.Google Scholar
Murray, H.H. (2000) Traditional and new applications for kaolin, smectite, and palygorskite: a general overview. Applied Clay Science, 17, 207–221.Google Scholar
Murray, H.H. & Elzea Kogel, J. (2005) Engineered clay products for the paper industry. Applied Clay Science, 29, 199–206.Google Scholar
Newman, A. (editor) (1987) Chemistry of Clay and Clay Minerals. Monograph 6, Mineralogical Society, London, 480 pp.Google Scholar
Okut, M. & Gok, S. (1975) Preliminary report on the kaolin deposits at Duvertepe, Sindirgi district. MTA-EHM Open-File Report No. 1233 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Okut, M., Demirhan, M. & Köse, Z. (1978) Kaolin deposits in the Emet-Simavdistrict, Kütahya region. MTA-EHM Open-File Report No. 1233 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Okut, M., Köse, Z., Çakar, A.B. & Elmaci, M. (1984) Progress report of the study on the kaolin deposits at Düvertepe and its surroundings, Balıkesir-Sindirgi district. MTA-Open-File Report No. 7573 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Ozdemir, H. & Sezer, I. (1988) Clay Potential of Turkey. Industrial Minerals. MTA, Turkey, pp. 35–39 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Plançon, A., Giese, R.F. & Snyder, R. (1988) The Hinckley index for kaolinites. Clay Minerals, 23, 249–260.Google Scholar
Prasad, M., Reid, K. & Murray, H.H. (1991) Kaolin: processing, properties and applications. Applied Clay Science, 6, 87–119.Google Scholar
Sabir, B., Wild, S. & Khatib, J. (1996) On the workability and strength development of metakaolin concrete. Pp. 651–662 in: International Congress on Concrete in the service of Mankind, Concrete for Environment Enhancement and Protection, Theme 6, Waste Materials and Alternative Products, University of Dundee (Dhir, R.K. and Dyer, D.T., editors). Spon, London.Google Scholar
Saraloğlu, A. & Konak, O. (1987) Mining geology on the kaolin deposits of Giresun-Espiye-Çimakli region. MTA Open-File Report No. 8248 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Schupp, J.R., Fallahi, E. & Chun, I.-J. (2004) Effect of particle film on fruit sunburn, maturity and quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 636, 551–556. http://www.actahort.org/books/636/636_70.htm Google Scholar
Shvarzman, A., Kovler, K., Grader, G. & Shter, G. (2003) The effect of dehydroxylation/amorphization degree on pozzolanic activity of kaolinite. Cement and Concrete Research, 33, 405–416.Google Scholar
Sincan, M. (1979) Final report on the kaolin deposits in Mihaliççik area, Eskisehir region. MTA Open-File Report No. 6509 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Sobolev, K. (2001) White Cement: Problems of Production and Quality. Cement and Concrete World, 4, 34–42.Google Scholar
Turk, Y. (1976) Study on the tile raw materials in the Usak region. MTA Open-File Report No. 5570 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Velho, J. & Gomes, C. (1991) Characterization of Portuguese kaolins for the paper industry: beneficiation through new delamination techniques. Applied Clay Science, 6, 155–170.Google Scholar
Website of Turkish Ceramic Federation (2005) http://www.serfed.com/dernek/serkap.asp.Google Scholar
Wild, S., Khatib, J. & Jones, A. (1996) Relative strength, pozzolanic activity and cement hydration in super-plasticized metakaolin concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 26, 1537–1544.Google Scholar
Yersel, H., Irkeç, A., Kirikoğlu, M., Elmaci, M., Demir, N. & Demirhan, M. (1987) Mining geology on the refractory clay and kaolin deposits in the Bayramiç-Çan area, Çanakkale region. MTA Open-File Report No. 8245 (in Turkish).Google Scholar