¹ I have used the following special abbreviations:Friedlaender ii.10 Friedlaender, L., Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms, ed.Wissowa, G.(Leipzig,1922)Google Scholar;Judeich, W.,‘Inschriften’Google Scholar,Ahertiimer von Hierapolis,Jahrbuch des Kais.Deutschen Arch.Inst., Erganzungsheft(Berlin,1898)Google Scholar;Moretti,her.Ag.Gr. Moretti L.,Iscrizioni Agonistiche Greche(Rome,1953);Ritti, T.,Hierapolis.Scavi e Ricerche1:Fonti Letterarie ed Epigrafiche, Archaeologica53(Rome,1985)Google Scholar;Bull.J.and L.Robert,Bulletin epigraphique,appearing annually in REG

² Ritti, 96 no. 11, with PI. 10c.Google Scholar

³ Judeich no. 153;cf.Pleket, H.W.,Mnemosyne23 (1970), 194.Google Scholar

⁴ Korte, RE in A(1927),1100–4.Google Scholar

⁵ J. B. O′ConnorGoogle Scholar,Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting in Ancient Greece(Chicago, 1908),23–5Google Scholar;Ghiron-Bistagne, P.,Recherches sur les Acteurs dans la Grece antique(Paris,1976), 123–4.The same error is corrected by J.and Robert L.,Bull.1958.160, p.223, discussing Moretti, her.Ag.Gr.no.74.Google Scholar

⁶ IGx. 1.84 (Rhodes: for the text given here, Robert, REG 49 [1936],246 [Opera Minora Selecta1.682]);Gk. Inscr. Brit. Mus.m.606 (Inschriften von Ephesosv.1606);Dessau,Inscr. Lai. Sel.5180 (Inschriften von Parionno.12).Generally, Robert, REG 49(1936), 245–6(Opera Minora Selecta1.681–2);id.,Etudes epigraphiques et philologiques(Paris,1938),25 n. 5. Nolle, J., ZPE 41(1981), 197 n. 3, collects a few examples without reference to Robert.Google Scholar

⁷ Isocr. 1.45; IGsv.l.952 line 12.

⁸ Suet. Nero 24.1;Luc.Adv.Ind.9.Cf.Aristides 29.14,; Philostr. VS 1.23.3, p. 45 K., a tragic actor appeals against the sophist Polemo,

⁹ As supposed by Ritti, 96.Google Scholar

¹⁰ For a full collection of the evidence, Poland, F.,Geschichte des griechischen Vereinswesens(Leipzig,1909)Google Scholar,129–52; among important discussions thereafter, L.Robert,Hellenica 1(1949), 122–3; C. A. Forbes,CPh50(1955),238–52;H.W. Pleket, ZPE10 (1973),197–227 with the criticisms of J. and L.Robert,Bull.1973.75; D. J. Geagan,Hesperia44(1975), 397.

¹¹ Letter of Antonius:Sherk, R. K.,Roman Documents from the Greek East(Baltimore,1969)Google Scholar, no. 57, with ample bibliography; on the priest of the synod, Charopinos, see now Inschriften von Ephesosm.902 line 8 (J. and L. Robert,Bull.1977.416). Hierapolis: Judeich no. 36, now republished by Ritti, 96 no. 10 with PI. 10 b. Ritti′s date, ‘fine del II o HI sec. d. C./ is too early at the upper end:the inscription has usually been put in the late third century (thus J. Keil, /OM/14[1911], Beibl. 132).

¹² On the hierarchy of Greek contests, Robert L.,CRAI(1970),6–7; for ‘synod’ referring to an occasional gathering, Dittenberger in OGIS494 n. 8; J. and L.Robert,Bull.1976.249; and compare the papyri recording decisions of the various synods at particular contests like the Sebasta of Naples (U.Wilcken),Grundziige und Chreslomathie der PapyruskundeI [Leipzig,1913], Chrest. no. 156Google Scholar

¹³ Dedication: Ritti, 108–13, replacing Judeich no. 4 (IGRRiv.808). Pythia: G. von Papen, Zeitschr. fur Numism.26 (1907), 161–77;Robert, L.,La Deesse de Hierapolis-Castabala(Paris, 1964),91.Google Scholar

¹⁴ MDAI(A)21 (1896),262–3.On this inscription and the contests of Tralles, Robert, L., itudes anatoliennes(Paris,1937)Google Scholar,418–29; id., Symbolae R. Taubenschlag Eos 48, ii (1957), 237–8 (Opera Minora Selecta1.652–3).On this sense ofDittenberger in OGIS 479 n. 9: it has often been discussed by A. Wilhelm and L. Robert.

¹⁵ Secundus: above, p.209

¹⁶ Arr. Diss. Epicl. 3.4. Both the ‘shrieks’ and the ‘jeers’ are doubtless to be understood as acclamations: on these in the theatre,Cameron, A.,Circus Factions(Oxford,1976),234–7;Google ScholarJones, C. P.,The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom(Cambridge,Mass 1978),92–CrossRefGoogle Scholar3.‘At home’ refers to the custom of mounting dramatic performances in private houses, where they may easily have taken the form of contests: cf.CarandiniA.et al., Filosofiana: La Villa di Piazza Armerina(Palermo,1982),287–91.

¹⁷ Date: Millar F.,JRS55 (1965), 142.Pulcher:Stein,PIR2C 1424;Millar, art.cit.147

¹⁸ General topography of the city in J. Gage,MEFR53 (1936),41–58;F. Schober XVII (1936),512–16;on the great theatre,Leake, W.M.,Travels in Northern GreeceI(London,1835)Google Scholar,190–2, with plan at end.Actia:Str.7.7.6(325 C);Suet.Aug.18.2;Cass.Dio 51.1.2; Friedlaender, ii.10 147–8;Gage, art.cit.91–8;T.C. Sarikakis, AE(1965),145–62.

¹⁹ to those listed by Sarikakis(n. 18),157–62, nos.7,10,17,28,34,35, addCook, J.M.,The Troad(Oxford,1993),414 no.54(Ann.epigr. 1993, no.503),Zilliacus, H.et al., Fifty Oxyrhynchus Papyri(Helsinki,1959)Google Scholar,no.25 lines 22, 29. On the system of the period and the various additions,Robert, L.,Bull.1954.57Google Scholar

²⁰ On the classes of entry, Sarikakis(n.18),152;I hope to discuss comedy in competitions of this era elsewhere

²¹ For a different explanation, Millar (n. 17), 147.

²² Paus. 6.3.7, with Frazers note.

²³ Cf.Robert L.,RE A65(1963),312–13, discussing a statue of Justice erected in the theatre of Iasos, probably of imperial date: id., A travers I'Asie mineure,Bibl.Ec.Fr.Ath.Rome 139 (Paris, 1980),427 on Lucian, VH2.22, ‘In the poets’class, Homer was in fact far superior, but Hesiod won all the same

²⁴ Tac.Ann.16.4;Suet.Nero24.2;Cass.Dio 63.9.2,14.1,21.2.

²⁵ Philostr.VS2.27.2, pp.115–16 K.; on this incident, Robert,RPh41(1967),26–7;Millar, J.,The Emperor in the Roman World(London,1977),451.Google Scholar

²⁶ Moretti,Inscr.Gr.Urbis Romae1.240 lines 14–15(her.Ag.Gr.no.79);cf.Robert in VEpigramme grecque, Entr.Hardt xiv(1968),191–2.Google Scholar

²⁷ Cf.Epictetos'language in this very passage, sections 2,4,7–8.

²⁸ Not in O'Connor(n.5)or in the supplement of I.Parenti,Dioniso35(1961),5–29;not inREor PIRGoogle Scholar

²⁹ Sarikakis, T.C.,AE1970,82–3no.161.Schenkl in the index of his editio maiorof Epictetos (Leipzig,1916),500, makes him a mime; however, Friedlaender, ii.10 145 andFantham, R.E., TAPhA114(1984),309, are correctGoogle Scholar

³⁰ E 2424,