1. Diaochaju, Neizhengbu (ed., and pub.), Sanshinian lai bendang yu zhonggong zhanzheng de jiantao (Review on The Thirty Years’ War Between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party) (Taipei: n.p., 1951).Google Scholar

2. “Recruit large numbers of intellectuals,” in Selected Works of Mao Tsetung. (Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1960) (hereafter referred to as Selected Works 2), Vol. 2, p. 301.Google Scholar

3. Fangwu, Cheng, Zhanghuo zhong de daxue (Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 1982), p. 42.Google Scholar

4. Xueshe, Cuncui (ed.), 1927–1945 Nian guogong douzheng shiliao huiji (Collected Materials on the Struggle Between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party: 1927–1945) (Hong Kong: Dadong tushu gongsi, 1978), Vol. 1. p. 202.Google Scholar

5. “The question of independence and initiative within the United Front,” in Selected Works 2, pp. 213–16.

6. “Recruit large numbers of intellectuals,” Selected Works 2, p. 301.

7. “Problems of tactics in the United Front,” Selected Works 2, p. 426.

8. Ibid. p. 427. According to Mao the members of the KMT can also be divided into three groups: “die–hards, middle element and progressives.”

9. Ibid. p. 428.

10. Zhongyang [the CCP] Shujichu, “Zhongyang guanyu muqian Guomindang qu xuesheng gongzuo de jige jueding” (”Some decisions of the Central Committee of the Party about student work in Kuomintang areas”), in Zhonggong dangshi cankao ziliao (The Reference Materials of the CCP), N.p. n.d., p. 156. Stored in the Library of the Bureau of Investigation, the Ministry of Justice in Taipei (hereafter cited as “Some decisions”); Lishixi, Beijing Daxue (ed.), Beijing daxue xuesheng yungdong shi: 1919–1949 (A History of the Student Movement of Peking University: 1919–49) (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1979), p. 148.Google Scholar

11. “Some decisions,” pp. 156–57.

12. “On policy,” Selected Works 2, p. 442.

13. Ba jiaoyu gongzuo tidao muqian zhongxin gongzuo de diyiwei (Promote the Educational Work to the First Priority of the Present Central Task) (n.p. 1941), 23 November 1941. This document was written by an unknown communist and kept in the Library of the Bureau of Investigation in Taipei.

14. Hanbin, Wang, “Guanyu shieryi yundong de yixie qingkuang” (“Some back– ground about the December 1st Movement”), in Shieryi yundong shiliao xuanbian (Selected Materials on Dec. 1st Movement) (Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe, 1980), p. 276. Wang recalled that the CCP had two Party branches at Xi'nan Lianda. Although he was a CCP member and a student at Lianda as well, he was under the command of the CCP's Working Committee in Yunan province, not the CCP branch at Xi'nan Lianda. Therefore he only knew his own activities at Lianda not the whole situation. The general Party branch at Lianda was established between 1939 to 1940. See The History of the Student Movement, p. 165. “Some decisions.” pp. 156–57.Google Scholar

15. The National Vanguard was led by the CCP as an anti–Japanese organization in North China before the war. Most of its members were students. After the collapse of Beijing and Tianjin the members retreated with their universities and continued acting undercover on campus. Two public student clubs called “Qunshe” and “Dongqingshe” were established by them at Xi'nan Lianda. See The History of the Student Movement, pp. 137–42; Israel, John, Student Nationalism in China: 1927–1937 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1966).Google Scholar

16. The History of the Student Movement, p. 145.

17. For the CCP's organizations in individual universities see: The History of the Student Movement; Wang Hanbin, “Some background about the December 1st Movement,” pp. 276–77; “Some decisions,” Vol. 4, pp. 156–57; Zhao Menglan, “Congleshan dao luojiashan” (“From Leshan to Luojiashan”) in Hubei Renmin Chubanshe (ed., and pub.), Wuhan dixia douzheng huiyilu (The Memoir of the Underground Struggle in Wuhan) (N.p.), pp. 122–26; Changlun, Liet al., “Cong jiemeituan dao xingjianxie” (“From Jiemeituan to Xingjianxie”), in Underground Struggle in Wuhan (Hubei: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 1981), pp. 174–77;Google ScholarYouyi, Shi, “Yi zuojia Liu Shengya” (“Recollections of the writer Liu Shengya”), Kangzhan wenyi yanjiu (Study on Literature in Wartime) (Chengdu), Vol. 4 (November 1982), pp. 16–17;Google ScholarJinghu, Lai, “Xibei gongxueyuan yu xibei daxue” (“The North–west Engineering College and the North–west University”), Zhuanji wenxue (Biographical Literature), Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 12.Google Scholar

18. “Some decisions,” pp. 156–57.

19. Ibid.

20. The History of the Student Movement, p. 148.

21. Zhonggong xincelue yu bendang duice (The CCP New Policy and Our Party's Countermeasure) (N.p.: Tongyi chubanshe ed., and pub., around 1942), p. 6.Google Scholar

22. Shi Youyi, “Recollections of the writer Liu Shengya,” pp. 16–17.

23. The History of the Student Movement, pp. 142–42, 152–53 and 157.

24. Zhengdi Dangzheng Weiyuanhui (The Party and Political Affairs Committee at War), a unit of Kuomintang government, had already discovered that Minjian Dushushe was a communist organization at Wuhan University. Minjian Dushushe was eventually disbanded. See Erjie, Wang, “Zai gemin de daketang li xuexi chengzhang” (“Learning to grow up in the revolutionary large classroom”) in Hubei Renmin Chubanshe (ed., and pub.), Wuhan dixia douzheng huiyilu (The Memoirs of the Underground Struggle in Wuhan), 1981, p. 125;Google ScholarZhengzhi qingbao (Political Information), Vol. 154 (11 January 1941), N.p. n.d. stored in the Library of the Bureau of Investigation, the Ministry of Justice in Taipei; regarding various CCP organizations at universities and their activities see: Shi Youyi, “Recollections of the writer Liu Shengya,”) pp. 16–17; Zhao Menglan, “From Leshan to Luojiashan”, pp. 122–26; “Some decisions,” pp. 156–57.Google Scholar

25. Zhongtongju (The Bureau of Investigation and Statistics of the KMT's Central Committee) (ed., and pub.), Kangzhan hou zhongguo gongchandang huodong geikuang (General Situations of the CCP After the Outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan) (N.p., 1939), pp. 59–60. For lists of the CCP members who were in charge in various universities and schools see: “Xianbing disantuan tuanzhang Yuan Jiapei cheng jiang weiyuanzhang gongchandang ji renmin zhenxian huodong diaocha baogao” (“The investigation reports from Yuan Jiapei, the commander of the Third Military Police Regiment, to Chiang Kai–shek on the activities of the CCP and its People's Front, December 1938”), in Zhonghua minguo zhongyao shiliao chubian: duire kangzhan shiqi zhonggong huodong zhengxiang (Preliminary Collections of Important Source Materials on the Republic of China: The Facts of CCP Activities in the War of Resistance against Japan) (Taipei: Zhongguo guomindang dangshi weiyuanhui, 1985), Vol. 4, pp. 76–89.Google Scholar

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27. Three CCP members, Cheng Faji, Wang Shuxun and Qi Liang, were elected as chairman, vice–chairman, and general secretary of the Student Union of Xi'nan Lianda in 1944. And some CCP members were also elected as the representatives of various departments. See Wang Gang (Wang Shuxun), “Zhishang gongzuo diandi” (“The work of funeral arrangements”), in Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe (ed., and pub.), Selected Materials of the December 1st Movement, pp. 278–79; The History of the Student Movement, p. 153.

28. Chen Bulei was Chiang Kai–shek's right–hand man and a most influential adviser during the war. For Chen Lian's story see: Zhen, Meng, “Zhengxie qianghou” (“Some stories about the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference”), Jiushi niandai (The Nineties) (Hong Kong), May 1986, p. 109. Yuan Yongxi's leadership at Xi'nan Lianda in the wartime period was confirmed by Wang Hanbin, a student and an active communist also at Lianda. He recalled that Yuan Yongxi was appointed by the CCP to come to lead the students at Lianda. See Wang Hanbin, “Some background about the December 1st Movement, p. 276.Google Scholar

29. The History of the Student Movement, pp. 143, 145, 152–53, 157: Shengting, Li, “Nanzhenshe ji nanzhen bibao” (“Nanzhen organization and its wall newspapers”), in Xi'nan Lianhe Daxue (Southwest Associated University) (Taipei: Nanjing chubanshe, 1981), pp. 225–26.Google Scholar

30. The History of the Student Movement p. 149.

31. Ibid. pp. 150–51.

32. Ibid.

33. Kuomintang [Organization Department], Dangtuan zhi zuzhi yu yunyong (The Party Organizations and Applications) (N.p. 1942), p. 5. This document was written by a head information agent and classified as a confidential file. It is stored in the Library of the Bureau of Investigation of the Ministry of Justice in Taipei.

34. Jiahua, Zhu, “Zili gengsheng yu jiaoyu xueshujie de zuzhili” (“Self–reliance and the organizational power of academic circles”) (October 1940), in Yujun, Wang and Bin, Sun (eds.), Zhu Jiahua xiansheng yanlunji (Collected Works of Zhu Jiahua) (Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 1977), p. 453.Google Scholar

35. Kuomintang [Organization Department], The Party Organizations and Applications, p. 5.

36. “Zhongguo Guomindang diwujie zhongyang zhixing weiyuanhui dibaci quanti huiyi: Zuzhibu gongzuo baogao” (“The report to the Eighth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang”), in Zhongyang Zuzhibu (ed., and pub.), Dangwu baogao (Report of the Party Affairs) (1941), p. 6 (zu). Zu means the section of the Department of Organization of the KMT.

37. Ibid. p. 25 (zu).

38. Ibid. p. 25 (zu).

39. Zhongtongju, Sanzi qingbao (Information from Staff), Nos. 6–7 (21 November 1941), p. 1.

40. Kai–shek, Chiang, “Bendang kangzhan zhi chengjiu yu ganbu tongzhi geming jianguo zhi yaodao” (“The party's achievement in the War of Resistance and the importance of revolution and national reconstruction for cadres”), in Xian zhongdong jianggong quanji (Complete Works of Chiang Kai–shek) (Taipei: Zhongguo wenhua daxue chubanshe, 1984). Vol. 2, p. 1,587.Google Scholar

41. “Report to the Eighth Plenary Session,” p. 30 (zu).

42. Guomindang Zhongyang Zhixing Weiyuanhui (ed.), Zhongguo Guomindang diwujie zhongyang zhixing weiyuanhui dishici quanti huiyi jilu (Records of the Tenth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang), p. 77.

43. Dasheng, (pseud.), Zenyang yu zhonggong douzheng (How to Struggle against the Chinese Communists) (N.p.: Tongyi chubanshe, 1942), pp. 98–100. Dasheng is a pseudonym of a group of special agents of the KMT.Google Scholar

44. Ibid.

45. For discussion of the entire process of the establishment of the Youth Corps see Eastman, Lloyd, Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution 1937–1949 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press 1984), pp. 89–103.Google Scholar

46. “Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan gongzuo gangling” (“The guiding principle of work for the Three People's Principles Youth Corps”), in Geming wenxian (Revolutionary Documents), No. 62, p. 46.

47. Ibid. No. 62, p. 115; Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan diyijie zhongyang ganshihui gongzuo baogao (The Working Report of the First Central Staff Personnel Committee of the Youth Corps: April 1943 to March 1944) (N.p., 1944), p. 45.

48. The Working Report, p. 45.

49. Chiang Kai–shek, “Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan yu qingnian yundong” (“The Three People's Principles Youth Corps and the youth movement”), Geming wenxian, No. 62, p. 115.

50. Ibid. No. 63, pp. 4–5, 9.

51. Ibid. No. 62, p. 13.

52. “The guiding principle of work,” in Geming wenxian, No. 62, p. 47.

53. Sanqingtuan Zhongyang Ganshihui, “Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan tuanyuan xingdong zhidao gangyao” (“The guided outline of actions for the members of the Three People's Principles Youth Corps”), in Geming wenxian, No. 62, pp. 56–57.

54. Chiang Kai–shek, “Qingniantuan gongzuo de yaoling” (“The essentials of the work of the Youth Corps”), in Geming wenxian. No. 62, p. 140. The central tasks, according to Chiang, are organization, training and propaganda.

55. Chiang Kai–shek, Ibid. p. 141.

56. Payne, Robert, Chinese Diaries: 1941–1946 (New York: Weybright and Talley Inc., 1970), pp. 242–43. Wen Yiduo himself was assassinated by a KMT military clique in July 1946. See p. 390.Google Scholar

57. “Gedi shuqi lai yu yibufen tongxue” (“A group of students from various places coming to Chongqing in summer vacation”), Gei quanguo tongxue de yifeng gongkaixin (An Open Letter to All China's Students) (N.p.; 20 August 1945). Stored in the Library of the Bureau of the Investigation of the Ministry of Justice.

58. Guomindang Zhongyang Zhixing Weiyuanhui (ed.), Zhongguo Guomindang diwujie zhongyang zhixing weiyuanhui diqici quanti huiyi jilu (Records of the Seventh Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang) (N.p., 1940), p. 77.

59. Chiang Kai–shek, “Qingniantuan gongzuo zhongxin yu taidu” (“The central tasks and attitude of the Youth Corps”), in Geming wenxian, No. 62, p. 157.

60. Ibid. p. 150.

61. Jinghu, Lai, Zhuanji wenxue (Biographical Literature) (Taipei), Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 13.Google Scholar

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63. Sanminzhuyi Qingniantuan Zhongyang Tuanbu (ed., and pub.), Dang yu tuan de quanxi (The Relationship between the Party and the Youth Corps) (N.p., 1942), p. 7.

64. Sanqingtuan zhongyang tuanbu ershijiu niandu gongzuo baogao (The Work Report of the Central Committee of the Youth Corps in the 1940 Fiscal Year) (N.p., 1941), pp. 77–78.

65. The Relationship between the Party and the Youth Corps, pp. 11, 15.

66. Zhongguo Guomindang diwujie bazhong quanhui jilu (Records of the Eighth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang) (N.p., 1941), pp. 316–17; Zhongguo Guomindang diwujie zhongzhihui dishici quanhui jilu (Records of the Tenth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang) (N.p., 1943), p. 172.

67. Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan ershijiu niandu gongzuo baogao (The Work Report of the Three People's Principles Youth Corps in the 1940 Fiscal Year) (N.p., 1942), pp. 52–53; Dasheng (pseud.), Zenyang yu zhonggong douzheng (How to Struggle Against the Chinese Communists), p. 100.

68. The Work Report of the Three People's Principles Youth Corps, pp. 53–55.

69. Ibid. p. 55.

70. “Xibei qingnian laodongying xuesheng zhaoji banfa” (“The measures for detaining students to the Northwest Labour Camp”), in Gongdang wenti zuli banfa (The Measures for Dealing with the Communist Problems) (N.p., 1940), pp. 37–38. This document was classified as a “Top Secret” file. Stored in the Library of the Bureau of Investigation in Taipei. Barrett, David D., “Comments on current events: November 3, 1940,” p. 4. in U.S. Military Intelligence Reports: China, 1911–1941. Microfilm. 1983 (hereafter cited as USMIR);Google ScholarShiqiu, Liang, “Wendao changan shi yiqi” (“Visiting Changan like playing chess”), in Zhuanji wenxue, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 12;Google ScholarYunzhang, Qu, “Guomindang junweihui xibei qingnian laodongying de zhenxian” (“The actual state of affairs in the Northwest Youth Labour Camp of the KMT Military Council”), in Wenshi ziliao xuanji (Selected Source Materials) (Beijing: Wenshi ziliao chubanshe, 1980), No. 36, p. 118.Google Scholar

71. Qu Yunzhang, Ibid. pp. 121–23.

72. Ibid. p. 124.

73. Liang Shiqiu recalled that the number of the youths in the camp was around 1,000 in January 1940, which was close to the Youth Corps’ official figures. See Liang Shiqiu, Ibid. p. 12; The Work Report of the Three People's Principles Youth Corps, p. 53.

74. Sanminzhuyi Qingniantuan Ershijiu Niandu Gongzuo Baogao, pp. 53–55.

75. Barrett, “Comments on current events, in USMIR, p. 4.

76. Liang Shiqiu, Selected Source Materials, p. 12.

77. Ibid. p. 12.

78. Sanshinian lai bendang yu zhonggong zhanzheng de jiantao (Review on the 30 Years’ War Between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party) (N.p., 1951). Stored in the Library of the Bureau of Investigation, the Ministry of Justice, Taipei.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid.