Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T14:49:32.565Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Online Chinese Perceptions of Latin America: How They Differ from the Official View*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 March 2012

Simon Shen
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Institute of Education. Email: simon.shen.ss@gmail.com

Abstract

Using online Chinese communities as primary sources, this article studies public perceptions in China of Latin America in terms of how the region is seen as part of the Third World while also offering China a convenient backyard by which to access the First World United States. Codified online public opinion on four different Latin American topics is then analysed and compared with official opinion: how “Latin Americanization” becomes China's nightmare, how the Latin Americans should learn from the “China model,” how the Latin Americans were being discriminated in the H1N1 epidemic, and how the “Latin American card” to balance the United States is emphasized. The conclusion suggests that only when the stereotypes discussed in this article are dismissed will the true value of Latin America gradually obtain any standing in the eyes of ordinary Chinese and will the Latin American mission of the Chinese government be fully understood by its subjects.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Hearn, Adrian and Leon-Manriquez, Jose Luis (eds.), China Engages Latin America: Tracing the Trajectory (New York: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011)Google Scholar.

2 Ariel Armony, “Latin America and China: convergences and divergences,” presentation for Institute of Latin American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 2008.

3 Wang, Shihao, “Qiantan Zhongguoren dui Lading Meizhou de dingwei: di-san shijie huo xifang” (“Brief discussion on the identity of Latin America among the Chinese: Third World or the West”), Lading Meizhou yanjiu (Journal of Latin American Studies), Vol. 31, No.1 (2010), pp. 6669Google Scholar.

4 Le-fort, Martin Perez, “China y América Latina: Estrategias bajo una HegemoniaTransitoria,” Nueva Sociedad, No. 203 (2006)Google Scholar; Devlin, Robert, “China's economic rise,” in Roett, Riordan and Paz, Guadalupe (eds.), China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States (New York: Brookings Institution, 2008), pp. 111–47Google Scholar.

5 Gallagher, Kevin and Porzecanski, Roberto, The Dragon in the Room: China and the Future of Latin American Industrialization (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010)Google Scholar; Roett and Paz, China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere; Su, Zhenxing (ed.), ZhongLa guanxi 60 nian (60 Years of Sino-Latin American Relations) (Beijing: Dangdai shijie chubanshe, 2009), among othersGoogle Scholar.

6 Jiang, Shixue, “The long view: China's first Latin American policy paper is a road map for future relations,” Beijing Review, Vol. 51, No. 48 (2008), p. 14Google Scholar.

7 Liu, Weiguang, “Zhongguoren xinmu zhong de lading Meizhou: Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan wenti yuqing diaoyan jieguo fenxi” (“How much the Chinese know about Latin America – analysing the findings of a survey”), Lading Meizhou yanjiu, Vol. 30, No. 5 (2008), pp. 3140Google Scholar.

8 Chadwick, Andrew, Internet Politics: States, Citizens and New Communication Technologies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

9 Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N., “Introduction: new directions in internet politics research,” in Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics (Oxford: Routledge, 2009), pp. 110Google Scholar.

10 Yang, Guobin, “The internet and the civil society in China: a preliminary assessment,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 12, No. 36 (2003), pp. 453–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Habermas, Jürgen and Burger, Thomas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), pp. 2756Google Scholar.

12 Zheng, Yongnian and Zhang, Xiaoling, “Introduction,” in Zhang, Xiaolong and Zheng, Yongnian (eds.), China's Information and Communications Technology Revolution (Oxford: Routledge, 2009), pp. 116Google Scholar.

13 Guobin Yang, “Historical imagination in the study of Chinese digital civil society,” in ibid. p. 20.

14 Shen, Simon and Breslin, Shaun, “Online Chinese nationalism(s): comparisons and findings,” in Shen, Simon and Breslin, Shaun (eds.), Online Nationalism and China's Bilateral Relations (New York: Lexington, 2010), pp. 263–82Google Scholar.

15 Hong, Junhao, “China's cyber forums and their influence on foreign policymaking,” in Hasmath, Reza and Hsu, Jennifer (eds.), China in an Era of Transition: Understanding Contemporary State and Society Actors (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 209–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lagerkvist, Johan, “The rise of public opinion in the PRC,” China: An International Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2005), pp. 119–30Google Scholar.

16 Arvaja, Maaritet al., “Combing individual and group-level perspectives to study collaborative knowledge construction in context,” Learning and Instruction, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2007), pp. 448–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 These forums include Strong Nation Forum (Qiangguo luntan), Community of Iron and Blood (Tiexue luntan), Tianya Community (Tianya xiequ), Phoenix Net Forum (Fenghuangwang luntan), The Virtual Home (Wuyou zhixiang), China Peace Forum (Zhongguo heping luntan), Resuscitation Forum (Fuxing luntan), FOB Business Forum (Fubu waimao luntan), Backchina Network (Beikuqin shequ) and 163 Easy Web Forum (163 wangyi luntan).

19 http://bbs.tiexue.net, accessed 1 March 2011.

20 http://www.tianya.cn, accessed 1 March 2011.

21 http://bbs.ifeng.com/, accessed 1 March 2011.

22 The research for this table had the same time frame (1 November 2008 to 31 October 2009) and used one single keyword “India” (Yindu) as the topic of the search. Other India-related keywords such as tianzhu, asan or yinnan were not included. For our survey, “Latin America” (Lamei) was the keyword; other Latin America-related keywords were not included in this table. However, these alternative keywords were studied in the context of this article.

23 “China/Latin America,” Financial Times, 6 July 2009Google Scholar.

24 Palacios, Luisa, “Latin America as China's energy supplier,” in Roett, and Paz, , China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere, pp. 170–92Google Scholar.

25 Message ID 186334, TYC.

26 Message ID 104705846, SNF.

27 Message ID 4346890, PNF.

28 Message ID 3353039, PNF.

29 Message ID 103462814, SNF.

30 Message ID 274038, TYC.

31 Message ID 230783, TYC.

32 Message ID 100639449, SNF.

33 Message ID 3353039, PNF.

34 Message ID 100097720, SNF. Message ID 100657263, SNF.

35 “China will not be Latin Americanized in the foreseeable 30 years,” China Review News, 21 January 2010Google Scholar.

36 Sue, Christina, “An assessment of the Latin Americanization thesis,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 32, No. 6 (2009), pp. 1058–107CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Zha, Daojiong, “China's peaceful rise and prospects for peace in Northeast Asia,” Working Paper (Seoul: Centre for International Studies, Yonsei University, 2005)Google Scholar.

38 Ibid.

39 “Wen Jiabao: Zhongguo de fazhan daolu shihe guoqing bu shi yi zhong moshi” (“Wen Jiabao: the development path of China suits its national situation but is not a model”), Takungpao, 14 March 2011.

40 Pan, Wei, The Chinese Model of Development (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 11 October 2007)Google Scholar.

41 Cheng, Yinghong, “Fidel Castro and China's lesson for Cuba: a Chinese perspective,” The China Quarterly, No. 189 (2007), pp. 2442CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 “Moxige jingji xuejia: Zhongguo fazhan de daolu jushi wushuang” (“Mexican economist: China's path of development is unique in the world”), China Review News, 19 November 2008Google Scholar.

43 Message ID 194909, TYC.

44 Message ID 242072, TYC.

45 Message ID 107174373, SNF.

46 Message ID 2578116_1, CIB.

47 Martin, Dorothea, “Chinese migration into Latin America – diaspora or sojourns in Peru?” Working Paper (Boone, NC: Department of History, Appalachian State University, 2008)Google Scholar; Clayton, Lawrence, “Chinese indentured labour in Peru,” History Today, Vol. 30, No. 6 (1980)Google Scholar.

48 Romero, Robert Chao, The Chinese in Mexico, 1882–1940 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

49 Message ID 280961, TYC.

50 Message ID 3674230, PNF.

51 Message ID 3675048, PNF.

52 Message ID 91868075, SNF. Message ID 3665867, PNF. Message ID 3687037, PNF.

53 Message ID 91868523, SNF.

54 Huang, Yanzhong, “China's reaction to H1N1 pandemic flu,” EAI Background Brief, No. 498, online edition (8 January 2010)Google Scholar, http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/BB498.pdf.

55 Zha, Daojiong, “Pandemics and international norms: China's handling of the H1N1 flu,” RSIS Commentaries, 30 June 2009Google Scholar.

56 Stallings, Barbara, “The US–China–Latin America triangle: implications for the future,” in Roett, and Paz, , China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere, pp. 239–60Google Scholar; Tokatlian, Juan Gabriel, “América Latina, China e Estados Unidos: um Triângulo Promissor,” Política Externa, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2007)Google Scholar.

57 Paz, Gonzalo, “Rising China's ‘offensive’ in Latin America and the US reaction,” Asian Perspective, Vol. 30, No. 4 (2006), pp. 95112Google Scholar.

58 Dominguez, Jorge, “China's relations with Latin America: shared gains, asymmetric hopes,” Working Paper (Washington: Inter-American Dialogue, June 2006)Google Scholar.

59 Message ID 101635531, SNF.

60 Message ID 4138869, CIB.

61 Message ID 100902111, SNF.

62 Message ID 95588079, SNF. Message ID 3505667, PNF.

63 Message ID 90727379, SNF.

64 O'Grady, Mary Anastasia, “The Middle Kingdom in Latin America,” The Wall Street Journal, 6 September 2004Google Scholar.

65 Message ID 90727379, SNF.

66 Message ID 263734, TYC.

67 Message ID 3640066, PNF.

68 Message ID 3505667, PNF.

69 Message ID 3168620, PNF.

70 Wu, Hongying, “Has Latin America become China's backyard?Contemporary International Relations, Vol. 3 (2009), pp. 1126Google Scholar.

71 Shambaugh, David, “China's new foray into Latin America,” Yale Global Online, 1 June 2011Google Scholar.

72 Mearsheimer, John, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001)Google Scholar.

73 Xiong, Yan, Zhongguo liu: gaibian Zhongwai qiye boyi de geju (The Chinese Chessboard: Changing the Game Setting of Competition between Chinese and Foreign Corporates) (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2009)Google Scholar.