^1. Although Scandinavia in a strict sense only comprises the three countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, this survey - as is normal practice - uses the concepts of Scandinavia and the Nordic countries interchangeably.

^2. Sweden forms an exception since the Fil.Dr. degree which equals a Ph.D. was introduced in the early 1970s.

^3. For a description of Karlgren's activities and contributions see S0ren Egerod, Bernhard Karlgren, Arsboken (Yearbook)(Lund: Vetenskapssocieten, 1980), pp. 112–128. On Bernhard Karlgren and the history of Swedish sinology, see Goran D. Malmqvist, On the history of Swedish sinology, Europe Studies China: Papers from an International Conference on The History of European Sinology(London: Han Shan Tang Books and The Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, 1995), pp. 161–174. See also Torbjorn Loden, Towards a history of Swedish China studies, in Joakim Enwall (ed.), Outstretched Leaves and His Bamboo Staff. Studies in Honour of Goran Malmqvist on his 70th Birthday(Stockholm: The Association of Oriental Studies, 1994), pp. 5–25.

^4. The only dissertation in history to be produced under Karlgren's supervision was Hans Bielenstein's The Restoration of the Han Dynasty(1953). For a discussion of historical studies of China past and present in Scandinavia, see Leif Littrup, Chinese history and Scandinavia - developments and problems, Scandinavian Journal of History,Vol. 11, No. 1 (1986), pp. 41–53.

^5. See Tony Saich, Contemporary China studies in Northern Europe, Asian Research Trends,No. 4 (1994), pp. 115–128.

^6. Loden, Towards a history of Swedish China studies, p. 19.

^7. For example Dagfinn Gatu on the Chinese Communist Movement in Northern China, Michael Schoenhals on Mao Zedong and the Great Leap Forward and Goran Leifjonhuvud on dissent and big-character posters. See Dagfinn Gatu, Toward Revolution: War, Social Change, and the Chinese Communist Party in North China, 1937–1945(Stockholm: Skrifter utgivna av Foreningen for Orientaliska Studier, Vol. 14, 1983); Michael Schoenhals, Saltationist Socialism: Mao Zedong and the Great Leap Forward 1958(Stockholm: Skrifter utgivna av Foreningen for Orientaliska Studier, Vol. 19, 1987); Goran Leiijonhufvud, Going Against the Tide: On Dissent and Big Character Posters in China(London: Curzon Press, 1990).

^8. Torbjorn Loden's dissertation is entitled Debatten om proletar litteratur i Kina 1928–1929 (The Debate on Proletarian Literature in China, 1928–1929)(Stockholm: Skrifter utgivna av Foreningen for Orientaliska Studier, 1980). For earlier more social science-oriented work, see Torbjorn Loden, Britta Kinnemark-Lander and Annika Soderman- Wiren, Stor oreda under himlen. Politik, utbildning ock kultur i Kina sedan kulturrevolutionen (Great Disorder Under Heaven: Politics, Education and Culture since the Cultural Revolution)(Stockholm: Prisma, 1979).

^9. Michael Schoenhals works on the Cultural Revolution and on keywords of Chinese politics. Tom Hart, the Director, is engaged in studying Systemic transformation in Asia. See, for example, Michael Schoenhals, Doing Things with Words in Chinese Politics: Five Studies(Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 1992) and Tom Hart, Sino-Soviet Relations: Re-examining the Prospects for Normalization(Aldershot, 1987). Until recently Yeu-Farn Wang has also worked in the centre. See, for example, her The role of Chinese entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia, CPAS Working Papers,No. 39 (April 1995).

^10. See his Yao Wenyuan as a Literary Critic and Theorist: The Emergence of Chinese Zhdanovism(Stockholm: The Institute of Oriental Languages, 1978).

^11. Erik Baark's Ph.D. in information and computer sciences from the University of Lund is entitled The Context of National Information Systems in Developing Countries. India and China in a Comparative Perspective(Lund: Research Policy Institute, 1986). Baark is now an associate professor in development studies at the Institute of Social Sciences, the Technical University of Denmark. Other publications include Commercialized technology transfer in China, 1981–1986: the impact of science and technology policy reforms, The China Quarterly,No. I l l (September 1987), pp. 390–406; and Fragmented innovation: China's science and technology policy reforms in retrospect, in Joint Economic Committee, China's Economic Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problems of Reforms, Modernization, and Interdependence(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), Vol. 2, pp. 531–545. Jon Sigurdson is no longer Director of the Research Policy Institute, but currently works as a professor at the Stockholm School of Economics. His publications on science and technology in China include Technology and Science in the People's Republic of China(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980); Technology and science - some issues in China's modernization, in Joint Economic Committee, Chinese Economy Post-Mao,Vol. 1: Policy and Performances(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), pp. 476–534.

^12. See, for example, Eric Arnett, Military technology: the case of China, SIPRI Yearbook 1995(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 359–86.

^13. Bates Gill and Taeho Kim, China's Arms Acquisitions from Abroad(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Bates Gill, Arming East Asia(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); China's Arms Transfers in the 1990s(New York: Praeger, 1992); The Challenge of Chinese Arms Proliferation(Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1993).

^14. See, for example Jan-Ingvar Lofstedt, Chinese Educational Policy: Changes and Contradictions(Stockholm, 1980); and Tom G. Hart, The Dynamics of Revolution: A Cybernetic Theory of the Dynamics of Modern Social Revolution with a Study of Ideological Change and Organizational Dynamics in the Chinese Revolution(Stockholm, 1971).

^15. See for example Jan Myrdal's studies of the Chinese village of Liu Ling: Rapport frdn kinesisk by (Report From a Chinese Village)(Stockholm: Norstedt, 1963); Kina: revolutionen g vidare (China: The Revolution Continued)(Stockholm: Pan/Norstedt, 1970); Kinesisk by 20 arsenare (A Chinese Village 20 Years Later)(Stockholm: Norstedt, 1983).

^16. Present editors are Chen Maiping, Bert Edstrom and Torbjorn Loden.

^17. There is one title relating to China: George Totten and Zhou Shulian (eds.), China's Economic Reform: Administering the Introduction of the Market Mechanism(Stockholm: Centre for Pacific Asia Studies, 1992).

^18. See S0ren Egerod, Chinese at Danish universities, in Chinese Studies in the Nordic Countries(European Association of Chinese Studies, Survey, No. 3, 1994), pp. 5–9.

^19. This position in Modern East Asian history and society with special reference to China is held by Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard.

^20. Names of authors and titles of doctoral dissertations are as follows: Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard, Readjustment and reform in the Chinese economy, 1953–1986 (1989); Ole Bruun, "lBusiness and bureaucracy in a Chengdu street (1990); Ole Odgaard, Private enterprises in rural China (1990); Hatla Thelle, Reformer i Kinas udenrigs0konomiske system (Reform of China's external trade system) (1992); Cecilia Milwertz, Accepting population control - the perspective of urban Chinese women on the one-child family policy (1994). Tage Vosbein finished his Ph.D. Udvalgte omrider af 0konomiske reformer i Kina, 1978–85 (Selected aspects of economic reform in China, 1978–1985) in the Department of Economics before he became affiliated with the centre. J0rgen Delman wrote his dissertation Agricultural extension in Renshou county, China - a case study of bureaucratic innovation and change (1991), while affiliated with the Institute of East Asian Studies in Aarhus. The eighth and most recent Ph.D. dissertation within the field of contemporary China studies is Verner Worm, Nordiske Virksomheder i Kina (Nordic companies in China) (1995). Verner Worm is working in the Department of International Economics and Management, Copenhagen Business School, which is developing a significant research and teaching capacity in contemporary East Asian studies.

^21. As mentioned above, the beginning of sinology in Aarhus can be traced back to the late 1960s when a position in sinology was opened in the Department of Linguistics. In 1973 sinology in Aarhus had developed to such an extent that it was decided to establish an independent institute. See S0ren Clausen, Roy Starrs and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg, Cultural Encounters: China, Japan, and the West: Essays Commemorating 25 Years of East Asian Studies at the University of Aarhus(Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1995).

^22. S0ren Clausen, Stig Th0gersen and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg. Publications include S0ren Clausen, Clemens Stubbe 0stergaard and Tage Vosbein, Kina efter Mao (China after Mao)(Aarhus: Modtryk, 1976); S0ren Clausen and Stig Th0gersen, The Making of a Chinese City(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1994); Stig Th0gersen, China's senior middle schools in a social perspective: a survey of Yantai district, Shandong province, The China Quarterly,No. 109 (March 1987), pp. 72–100; Stig Th0gersen, Secondary Education in China after Mao(Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990); Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg and Wendy Larson (eds.), Inside Out: Modernism and Postmodernism in Chinese Literary Culture(Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1993).

^23. In the Department of Political Science Clemens Stubbe 0stergaard specializes in contemporary Chinese affairs. See his De kinesiske folkekommuner (The Chinese People's Communes)(Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1979) and Flemming Christiansen, Clemens Stubbe 0stergaard and J0rgen Delman (eds.), Remaking Peasant China: Problems of Rural Development and Institutions at the Start of the 1990s(Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990).

^24. Founder and present editor of the journal is Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard.

^25. See Harald B0ckman, A historical sketch of sinology in Norway, in Chinese Studies in the Nordic Countries,pp. 57–60.

^26. See, for example, his Chinese Communism, 1931–34: Experience in Civil Government(London: Curzon Press, 1979).

^27. Doctoral dr.phil. dissertation Aspects of Classical Chinese Syntax(London: Curzon Press, 1981). In 1981 Harbsmeier succeeded Henry Henne as Professor of East Asian Languages and Literatures in Oslo.

^28. Now Professor of Chinese at the University of Edinburgh.

^29. Doctoral dr.philos dissertation Clause Combinations in Chinese(Oslo, 1993).

^30. In 1991 the Department of East Asian Studies was merged with a number of other departments to form the Department of East European and Oriental Studies.

^31. Hjellum has just published a textbook on Chinese history and politics in the contemporary period entitled Kinesiskpolitikk (Chinese Politics)(Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1995).

^32. Westad's dissertation is published under the title Cold War&Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944–1946(New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). Other works by Odd Arne Westad include An International History of the Chinese Civil War(forthcoming) and (with Michael Hunt) The Chinese Communist Party and international affairs: a field report on new historical sources and old research problems, The China Quarterly,No. 122 (June 1990), pp. 258–272.

^33. Borge Bakken, The exemplary society: human improvement, social control, and the danger of modernity in China (1994).

^34. See Kauko Laitinen, On the development of Chinese studies in Finland, in Chinese Studies in the Nordic Countries,pp. 45–46.

^35. See his Chinese Nationalism in the Late Qing Dynasty: Zhang Binglin as an Anti-Manchu Propagandist(London: Curzon, 1990).

^36. See Mikko Uola, SuomiJa Keskuksen Valtakunta: Suomen Suhteet Kiinan Tasavaltaan 1919–1949 (Finland and the Middle Kingdom: Finland's Relations to the Republic of China, 1919–1949)(University of Turku, Department of Political History, Autumn 1995).

^37. See Marita Siika, Kina ser pa Norden - behandlingen af Skandinavien i Kinas internationale nyhedsmedier (China looks at the Nordic countries - the coverage of Scandinavia in China's international news media). Politico,Vol. 13, No. 1 (1981), pp. 80–105; and Marita Siika, China and the Nordic countries, 1950–1970, Cooperation and Conflict,Vol. 18 (1983), pp. 101–113.

^38. In addition to the works by Marita Siika mentioned above, see Karin Holstius, A matching concept for international business: the case of Finland and China, in Nigel Campbell (ed.), Advances in Chinese Industrial Studies,Vol. 2 (Greenwich, CN: JAI Press Inc., 1991), pp. 177–185.

^39. See his Management in China During and After Mao in Enterprises, Government, and Party(Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988).

^40. Annual Newsletter of the Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, the Year 1985 (Copenhagen, 1986), p. 3.

^41. See for example Poul Mohr, Trade with Denmark, in Victor Li (ed.). Law and Politics in China's Foreign Trade(Seattle: Washington University Press, 1977), pp. 142–168 and Jon Sigurdson, Rural Industrialization in China(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). When Jon Sigurdson in 1978 left SIAS to become Director of the Research Policy Institute in Lund, Marina Thorborg, a specialist in modern economic and social development in China, was hired in his place. Her dissertation from 1980 is titled Women in post-revolutionary China in non-agricultural productions. For other publications, see, for example, Chinese employment policy in 1949–1978 with special emphasis on women in rural production, Joint Economic Committee, Chinese Economy Post-MaoVol. 1: Policy and Performance(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), pp. 535–604.

^42. See Kauko Laitinen, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies - a form of Nordic research cooperation, Newsletter for Research in Chinese Studies(December 1989), pp. 241X9.

^43. B0rge Bakken and Ole Bruun. Bakken is a sociologist who did much of his graduate work in China and Australia and Bruun an anthropologist whose work in NIAS is financed by external means.

^44. Publications on contemporary China include Birthe Arendrup, Carsten Boyer Th0gersen and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg, China in the 1980s and Beyond(London: Curzon Press, 1986); Leijonhufvud, Going Against the Tide.

^45. Presidents of the Nordic Association of China Studies include Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard (1991–1993), Harald B0ckman (1993–95), and Pertti Nikkila (1995–1997).

^46. Kirsten R0nb0l Lauridsen later became head of the Royal Library's Oriental Department in Copenhagen and a lecturer in the East Asian Institute, where she taught modern and contemporary history until the mid-1980s. Her course was considered a must for any student interested in modern affairs and it became a breeding ground for a whole new generation of contemporary China specialists in Copenhagen. For publications see Lin Biao. Kompendium udarbejdet af seminar for kinesisk samtidshistorie (Lin Biao: Compendium by the Contemporary China Seminar)(K0benhavn: Akademisk Forlag, 1973) and Some observations on modem Chinese Confucianism, Copenhagen Papers in East and Southeast Asian Studies,No. 1 (1988), pp. 27–34. Trygve L0tveit was a Fellow in SIAS from 1971 until he acquired his present position at the University of Oslo in 1973.

^47. Per-Olow Leijon studied in China from 1959 to 1961. After his return to Sweden he published Tre Ar i Mao's Kina (Three Years in Mao's China)(Stockholm: Wahlstrom&Widstrand, 1963).

^48. People who have held this position in Beijing include Goran Malmkvist, Sten Stenqvist, Jon Sigurdson, Torbjorn Loden, Michael Schoenhals, Lars Ellstrom and Elisabeth Hedenstierna.

^49. For a good, but slightly outdated, guide to the Scandinavian library holdings, see Nina Ellinger and Donald B. Wagner, Guide to East, Southeast, and Central Asian Library Collections in Scandinavia(Copenhagen: Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, 1976). See also Michael Schoenhals, Chinese Periodicals and Newspapers in the Stockholm University Library(Stockholm: Stockholm University Library, 1979) and Original Red Guard publications in the Far Eastern Library, Stockholm, CCP Research Newsletter,No. 8 (1991), pp. 58–65.

^50. See, for example, Kjeld Allan Larsen, Kai Bundgaard Madsen, Ida Munk Nielsen and Knud Erik Skouby, Kina et land i socialistisk udvikling (China: A Country in Socialist Development) (K0benha\n:AkademiskForlag, 1973); Goran Leijonhufvud, Mao Zedong och den stdndiga revolutionen (Mao Zedong and the Permanent Revolution)(Stockholm: Aldus, 1975); Bj0rn Hettne, Utvecklingsstrategier i Kina och Indien (Development Strategies in China and India)(Studentlitteratur, 1971); Preben S0rensen, Vejen til Folkekommunen (The Road to the People's Communes)(Kongerslev: GMT, 1975).

^51. For a discussion of the relationship between Western scholarship and Chinese political ideas and developments in the 1966–76 period, see Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard, China through the looking glass: the effects of Chinese self-characterizations on West European China scholarship, Issues and Studies,Vol. 22, No. 7 (July 1986), pp. 129–153.

^52. See Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard and S0ren Clausen, Kina og teorierne om overgangssamfundet (China and the theory on the transitional society), Historievidenskab,No. 17(1979), pp. 115–160.

^53. A prominent example is Charles Bettelheim, a Professor of Economics at Sorbonne, whose works were widely translated into Scandinavian languages.

^54. Notable exceptions include works by Mark Selden and Franz Schumann such as The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971); and Ideology and Organization in Communist China(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).

^55. Examples of works informed by the two-line struggle model include Mogens Buch-Hansen, Klaus Nielsen and Knud Erik Skouby, Kina pa vej (China Emerging)(K0benhavn: Hans Reitzels Forlag, 1977); and J0rgen Delman and Stig Th0gersen, Kampen i Kina. Kinas politiske historie (The Struggle in China: China's Political History, 1949–1980)(Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1981).

^56. This is clearly the case in a 1989 textbook on China's economic development. See Gunnar Viby Mogensen, Kinas 0konomiske historie (China's Economic History)(Herning: Systime, 1989).

^57. The most notable exceptions are Jon Sigurdson, who in the early 1970s did research at the University of Sussex and at Harvard University, and Trygve L0tveit, who worked in Leeds for some time, also in the early 1970s.

^58. Scholars engaged in literature in general appear to constitute an exception in this regard. See for example Vibeke B0rdahl, Strateger i Kinas litteratur. Moderne kinesisk litteraturteori og -kritik 1927–1967 (Strategists in Chinese Literature. Modern Chinese Literary Theory and Criticism, 1927–1967)(Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1978), Vols. III.

^59. For a survey of Danish social science research projects in the 1970s in the China field, see Erik Baark and Tage Vosbein, Dansk Samfundsvidenskabelig Kina-forskning i 1970'erne. Status og Perspektiver (Danish social science China research in the 1970s: status and perspectives) (Report to the Danish Social Science Research Council, Copenhagen, December 1980).

^60. See for example Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard's reassessment of Mao and the Chinese development strategy entitled Paradigmatic change: reform and readjustment in the Chinese economy, Modern China,Vol. 9, No. 1 (January 1983), pp. 37–83 and Vol. 9, No. 2 (April 1983), pp. 253–272.

^61. See Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard, The democracy movement in China, 1978–1979: opposition movements, wall poster campaigns, and underground journals, Asian Survey,Vol. 21, No. 7 (July 1981), pp. 747–774; Hemming Christiansen, Susanne Posborg and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg, Den demokratiske bevtegelse i Kina. Kommenterede tekster fra den kinesiske undergrunsbevtegelse (The Democracy Movement in China: Commented Texts from the Chinese Underground Movement)(Copenhagen: Hans Reitzel, 1980); S0ren Clausen, "Social kontrol og opposition i Kina" ("Social control and opposition in China"), in Sociale og kulturelle forhold og folkelige bevcegelse i den tredie verden: Arbejdspapirer fra Helsing0r-seminaret 1980 (Social and Cultural Phenomena and Popular Movements in the Third World: Working Papers from the 1980 Elsinore Seminar)(Institut for Kultursociologi, Reproserie, No. 1, 1982), pp. 130–164.

^62. See, for example, S0ren Clausen, Chinese economic debates of Mao and the crisis of official Marxism, in S. Feuchtwang and A. Hussein (eds.), The Chinese Economic Reforms(London: Croom Helm, 1983), pp. 53–73; J0rgen Delman and Peer M0ller Christensen, "A theory of transitional society," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars,Vol. 13, No. 2 (1981), pp. 2–15, and Ole Bj0rn Rongen, Kina. Den nye lange Marsjen (China: The New Long March)(Oslo: Pax, 1979).

^63. See Goran Malmkvist, Idag! Sju unga roster om Kina (Today! Seven Young Voices From China.Translations of poems by Bei Dao, Gu Cheng, Shu Ting, Mang Ke, Yang Lian, Jiang He and Yan Li) (Hoganas: Bra Bocker, 1984), and Stilhett och rorelse (Silence and Movement.Translations of short stories by Shen Congwen) (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1988); Harald B0ckman, Arvingene. Hverdag etter Mao (The Heirs: Daily Life after Mao.Translation of Zhang Xinxin and Sang Ye's Beijing ren);and Susanne Posborg, Stig Th0gersen and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg, Lykkevej 13. Kinesiske novellerfra 1980'erne (13, Happiness Road. Chinese Short Stories from the 1980s)(Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1988). On literature see also Marja Kaikonen's Ph.D. dissertation entitled Laughable Propaganda: Modern Xiangsheng as Didactic Entertainment(Stockholm: Institute of Oriental Languages, 1990) and "From knights to nudes: Chinese popular literature since Mao," The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies,Vol. 5 (1994), pp. 85–110.

^64. See for example Stig Th0gersen, "Through the sheep's intestines - selection and elitism in Chinese schools," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,No. 21 (January 1989), pp. 1–28; B0rge Bakken, "Backward reform in Chinese education," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,No. 19/20 (January 1988); Jan-Ingvar Lofstedt, Human Resources in Chinese Development: Needs and Supply of Competencies(Paris, 1990).

^65. On technology acquisition see Henry N. Geraedt's doctoral dissertation entitled The People's Republic of China: Foreign Economic Relations and Technology Acquisition, 1972–1981(Lund: Research Policy Institute, 1983). For a Danish perspective on technology transfers to China, see J0rgen Delman, The Role of Training in Technology Transfers to China -A Case Study of the Danish Experience(Copenhagen: Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Copenhagen Discussion Papers, No. 4, 1989).

^66. See for example, Clemens Stubbe 0stergaard, "Multipolariry and modernization. Sources of China's foreign policy in the 1980s," Cooperation and Conflict,Vol. 18 (1983), pp. 245–267.

^67. See Marita Siika, "The People's Republic of China and the Nordic countries in the 1970s," China Report,Vol. XIX, No. 6 (November-December 1983), pp. 19–42.

^68. See Odgaard, "Private enterprises in rural China"; and J0rgen Delman, "Agricultural extension in Renshou county, China - a case study of bureaucratic innovation and change." For research on the agricultural sector, see also the work of Thiagarajan Manoharan of the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Copenhagen, for example his Current Rural Organization Structure in the PRC: An Overview(Copenhagen: Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Copenhagen Discussion Papers, No. 2, 1988).

^69. See Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard, "Models of the Chinese policy-making process: beyond the two lines," in Leif Littrup (ed.), Analecta hafniensia. 25 Years of East Asian Studies in Copenhagen(London: Curzon Press, 1988), pp. 29–39 and "Indfaldsvinkler til studiet af kinesisk samtidshistorie" ("Approaches to the study of Chinese contemporary history"), Historisk Tidsskrift,Vol. 89, No. 3 (1989), pp. 300–323. See also Ole Bruun, S0ren Poulsen and Hatla Thelle (eds.), Modern China Research: Danish Experiences(Copenhagen: Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Copenhagen Discussion Papers, special issue, 1991).

^70. As mentioned above Sweden instituted the Fil.Dr. (Ph.D.) in the early 1970s. In Norway the situation was similar to Denmark.

^71. See for example Hatla Thelle, De to linjer indenfor Kinas landbrug (The Two Lines in Chinese Agriculture)(Kongerslev: Forlaget GMT, 1977); Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg, Kinesisk litteraturdebat 1949–1965 (Literary Debates in China, 1949–1965)(Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1977); and Vibeke Hemmel and Pia Sindbjerg, Women in Rural China: Policy Towards Women Before and After the Cultural Revolution(London: Curzon Press, 1984) (translated M.A. thesis from 1976).

^72. See for example Mette Halskov Hansen, "Minority education and ethnic reactions: intellectual Naxi in the Chinese province of Yunnan," and Cecilia Milwertz, "Control as care - interaction between urban women and birth planning workers," both in Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard and David Strand (eds.), Reconstructing Twentieth Century China: State Control, Civil Society, and National Identity(Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming

^73. See Harald B0ckman, "China deconstructs? The future of the Chinese empire-state in a historical perspective," in Br0dsgaard and Strand, Reconstructing Twentieth Century China.

^74. There was a major conference in Stockholm in the summer of 1993 on this subject. Some of the papers are now being edited and published by Torbjorn Loden.

^75. See Clemens Stubbe 0stergaard, "Citizens, groups, and a nascent civil society in China: towards an understanding of the 1989 student demonstrations," China Information,Vol. IV, No. 2 (Autumn 1989), pp. 28–41. See also Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard, "State and society on Hainan: Liao Xun's ideas on 'little government big society'," in Br0dsgaard and Strand, Reconstructuring Twentieth Century China.

^76. See Ole Bruun, "Political hierarchy and private entrepreneurship in a Chinese neighborhood," in Andrew G. Walder (ed.), The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 184–214.

^77. See S0ren Clausen, "Current Western perceptions of Chinese political culture," in Clausen, Starrs and Wedell-Wedellsborg, Cultural Encounters,pp. 446–486.

^78. See Michael Schoenhals, "The Central Case Examination Group, 1966–76," The China Quarterly,No. 145 (March 1996), pp. 87–111, and (ed.), The Cultural Revolution Reader(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, forthcoming).

^79. See Stig Th0gersen and S0ren Clausen, "New reflections in the mirror: Chinese local gazetters (difangzhi)in the 1980s," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,No. 27 (January 1992), pp. 161–184.

^80. See Laurids S. Lauridsen, En ny arbejdsdeling? Eksportorienteret industrialisering i den tredie verden - med en case-studie af Taiwan (A New Division of Labour? Export-oriented Industrialization in the Third World: A Case Study of Taiwan)(Publikationer fra Institut for Geografi, Samfundsanalyse og Datalogi, Roskilde Universitetscenter, Forskningsrapport Nr. 44, Vols. I-II, 1985).

^81. See, for example his "Labour institutions and flexible capitalism in Taiwan," in Gerry Rogers, Klara Foti and Laurids Lauridsen (eds.), The Institutional Approach to Labour and Development(London: Frank Cass, 1995).

^82. See Christer Gunnarson, "Dirigism or free-trade regime? A historical and institutional interpretation of the Taiwanese success story," in G. Hansson (ed.), Trade, Growth, and Development(London: Routledge, 1993); and (with Prasada Reddy) Foreign Direct Investment in Asia: A Study oflntra-Regional Foreign Investments Among Asian Developing Countries(forthcoming).

^83. See Kresten Nordhaug, "Democracy and development in Taiwan," in Kresten Nordhaug (ed.), Democracy and Development in the Third World(University of Oslo, 1993).

^84. See Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard, "The Republic of China and Denmark: trade and economic relations, 1949–1994" in Kjeld Erik Br0dsgaard and Mads Kirkebik (eds.), Denmark and China: Diplomatic, Economic and Trade Relations, 1732–1994(forthcoming).

^85. See Yeu-Farn Wang, "Chinese entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia: historical roots and modern significance," CPAS Working Paper,No. 34 (May 1994) and "The national identity of the Southeast Asian Chinese," CPAS Working Paper,No. 35 (September 1994).

^86. See Mette Thun0, "The use of Chinese sources for the study of Chinese emigration to Europe," Revue Europeenne des Migrations Internationales(March 1996).

^87. See Hemming Christiansen, J0rgen Delman and Clemens Stubbe 0stergaard (eds.). Remaking Peasant China - Problems of Rural Development and Institutions at the Start of the 1990s(Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990); and Eduard Vermeer (ed.), From Peasant to Entrepreneur: Growth and Change in Rural China(Wageningen: Pudoc, 1992).

^88. Papers from the conferences have been published in The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies,Vol. 9 (1994) and Vol. 10 (1995) and in Br0dsgaard and Strand, Reconstructing Twentieth Century China.

^89. Elisabeth Eide has done extensive research on Scandinavian contacts with China. Her dr.philos dissertation from 1986 is entitled China's Ibsen: From Ibsen to Ibsenism(London: Curzon Press, 1987). See also her latest book on Scandinavian images of China entitled V skjeve blikk pa kineserne (Our Lopsided View of the Chinese)(Oslo: Aschehoug, 1994).

^90. For a discussion of this point in a European context, see Saich, "Contemporary China Studies in Northern Europe," p. 124.