Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T04:24:40.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Australian high school students and their Internet use: perceptions of opportunities versus ‘problematic situations’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2020

luke gaspard*
Affiliation:
Department of Media and Communications, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: luke gaspard, Email: luke.gaspard@sydney.edu.au

Abstract

The Internet has, for varied reasons, emerged as a critical mediating tool in the everyday experience for many young people. Opportunities for access and participation are vast and well-documented. There are, however, risks, or more accurately ‘problematic situations’, associated with these online experiences. From a digital youth’s perspective, real and perceived threats, primarily related to content, contact and conduct, all play to policy agendas, and adult fears of how best to protect youth within virtual space where the boundaries of private and public are easily blurred and compromised. Drawing upon a purposive sample of four high schools, in greater Melbourne, Australia, frequency analysis is performed on questionnaire data from 770 students aged 12–18. Adapting the research taxonomy from the EU Kids Online (2014, EU Kids Online: findings, methods, recommendations (deliverable D1.6)) project, this paper extends that work by developing a more comprehensive coding structure to reflect the complex attitudes high school students of this study exhibit with their online practice. In doing so, this research, via a more nuanced classification, supports the ongoing validity of previous research that points to navigation of the Internet as a continuing contestation between balancing opportunity and risk.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACMA (Australian Communications and Media Authority) (2016). Aussie teens and kids online. Retrieved from https://www.esafety.gov.au/-/media/cesc/documents/research-word-aussie-teens-online-february-2016.docx.Google Scholar
ACMA (Australian Communications and Media Authority) (2017). Children’s television viewing and multi-screen behaviour Analysis of 2005–16 OzTAM audience data and 2017 survey of parents, carers and guardians August 2017. Retrieved from https://www.acma.gov.au/-/media/Community-Broadcasting-and-Safeguards/Research/PDF/Childrens-television-viewing-and-multi-screen-behaviour-pdf.pdf?la=en.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. (1992). Review of reckless behavior in adolescence: A developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 12(4), 339373. doi: 10.1016/0273-2297(92)90013-R.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2018). 8146.0 – Household use of information technology, Australia, 2016-17. Retrieved from: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8146.0.Google Scholar
Bauman, Z. (2001). The individualized society. Cambridge, UK: Polity.Google Scholar
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society. Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Booker, C.L., Kelly, Y.J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18, 321. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brand, M., Laier, C., Young, K., & Brand, M. (2014). Internet addiction: Coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 12561256. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckingham, D. (2008). Youth, identity, and digital media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, M. (2005). Cyberbullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 6876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K., & Fang, W. (2007). Use of the internet and traditional media among young people. Young Consumers, 8(4), 244256. doi: 10.1108/17473610710838608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., Sahdra, B., Marshall, S., Jackson, C., Gloster, A. T., & Heaven, P. (2016). The development of compulsive internet use and mental health: A four-year study of adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 272283. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/10.1037/dev0000070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crammer, S. (2006). Children and young people’s uses of the Internet for homework. Learning, Media and Technology, 31(3), 301315. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1080/17439880600893358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., et al. (2009). Australian covert bullying prevalence study. Perth, Australia: Child Health Promotion Research Centre.Google Scholar
EU Kids Online (2014). EU Kids Online: findings, methods, recommendations (deliverable D1.6). London, UK: EU Kids Online, LSE.Google Scholar
Eynon, R., & Malmberg, L. (2012). Understanding the online information-seeking behaviours of young people: The role of networks of support. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 28(6), 514529. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00460.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallows, D. (2005). How women and men use the Internet. PEW Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2005/12/PIP_Women_and_Men_online.pdf.Google Scholar
Fam, J. (2018). Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta-analysis across three decades. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(5), 524531. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foucault, M. (1977). Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected essays and interviews. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
gaspard, l., Horst, H., Gomez-Cruz, E. & Pink, S. (forthcoming). Media practices of young Australians: Tangible and measurable reflections on a digital divide. KOME Journal.Google Scholar
Geser, H. (2006). Are girls (even) more addicted? Some gender patterns of cell phone usage. In Geser, H. (Ed.), Sociology in Switzerland: Sociology of the mobile phone. Online Publications, Zürich: University of Switzerland, Retrieved from http://socio.ch/mobile/t_geser3.htm.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self Identity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.Google Scholar
Gómez, P., Rial, A., Braña, T., Golpe, S., & Varela, J. (2017). Screening of problematic internet use among Spanish adolescents: Prevalence and related variables. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(4), 259267. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, L., Brady, D., Olafsson, K., Hartley, J., & Lumby, C. (2011). Parties’ risks and safety for Australian children on the internet: Full findings from the AU Kids online survey of 9-16-year-olds and their parents. Cultural Science, 4(1), 173.Google Scholar
Haddon, L. & Livingstone, S. (2012). EU Kids Online: National perspectives. London, UK: EU Kids Online.Google Scholar
Hasebrink, U. (2014). Children’s changing online experiences in a longitudinal perspective. London, UK: EU Kids OnlineGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. (2011). Cyberkids or divided generations? Characterising young people’s internet use in the UK with generic, continuum or typological models. New Media & Society, 13(7), 11041122. doi: 10.1177/1461444810397649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, M. (2010). (Ed.) Hanging out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, L., Zhao, Y., Witt, E., Fitzgerald, H., Von Eye, A., & Harold, R. (2009). Self-concept, self-esteem, gender, race, and information technology use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 437440. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing ethnographic research online. London: Sage publications.Google Scholar
Kuss, D. J., Dunn, T. J., Wölfling, K., Müller, K. W., Hędzelek, M., & Marcinkowski, J. (2017). Excessive Internet use and psychopathology: The role of coping. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 14(1), 7381Google Scholar
Lee, C. (2003). How does instant messaging affect interaction between the genders? Stanford, CA: The Mercury Project for Instant Messaging Studies at Stanford University. Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/class/pwr3-25/group2/projects/lee.Google Scholar
Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S. & Purcell, K. (2010). Teens and mobile phones: Text messaging explodes as teens embrace it as the centerpiece of their communication strategies with friends. Washington, D. C.: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2010/PIP-Teens-andMobile-2010-with-topline.pdf.Google Scholar
Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(4), 435454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, S. (2012). Understanding the relation between risk and harm: Theory, evidence and policy regarding children’s internet use. Keynote lecture to the 62nd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2009). Introduction. In Livingstone, S. & Haddon, L. (Eds.), Kids Online: Opportunities and risks for children (115). Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., & Görzig, A. (Eds.) (2012). Children, risk and safety online: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children: full findings and policy implications from the EU Kids Online survey of 9-16-year-olds and their parents in 25 countries. London, UK: EU Kids Online, Deliverable D4. EU Kids Online Network.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Vincent, J., Mascheroni, G., & Ólafsson, K. (2014). Net Children Go Mobile: The UK report. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New Media & Society, 12(2), 309329. doi: 10.1177/1461444809342697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, S., Kirwil, L., Ponte, C., & Staksrud, E. (2013). In their own words: What bothers children online with the EU Kids Online Network. London, UK: EU Kids Online, London School of Economics & Political ScienceGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., Ólafsson, K., & Haddon, L. (2014). Children’s online risks and opportunities: Comparative findings from EU Kids Online and Net Children Go Mobile. London, UK: London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from www.eukidsonline.net.Google Scholar
Lodge, J., & Frydenberg, E. (2007). Cyber-bullying in Australian schools: Profiles of adolescent coping and insights for school practitioners. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 24(1), 4558. doi: 10.1017/S0816512200029096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merchant, G. (2005). Electric Involvement: Identity performance in children’s informal digital writing. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(3), 301314, doi: 10.1080/01596300500199940.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W., Crawshaw, P., Bunton, R., & Green, E. (2001). Situating young people’s experiences of risk and identity. Health, Risk & Society, 3(2), 217233. doi: 10.1080/13698570124548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathanson, A., Perse, E., & Ferguson, D. (1997). Gender differences in television use: An exploration of the instrumental-expressive dichotomy. Communication Research Reports, 14(2), 176188. doi: 10.1080/08824099709388659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2017). PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students’Well-Being, PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273856-en.Google Scholar
Office of the Children’s eSafety Commissioner (OCeC) (2016). Research insights Connected kids and teens. Retrieved from https://www.esafety.gov.au/about-the-office/research-library.Google Scholar
Pink, S., & Morgan, J. (2013). Short-term ethnography: Intense routes to knowing. Symbolic Interaction, 36(3), 351361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29(2), 5159.Google Scholar
Rigby, K., & Smith, P. K. (2011). Is school bullying really on the rise? Social Psychology of Education, 14, 441455. doi: 10.1007/s11218-011-9158-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santrock, J. (1993). Adolescence: An introduction. Madison, Wisconsin: Brown and Benchmark.Google Scholar
Shek, D., & Yu, L. (2016). Adolescent Internet addiction in Hong Kong: Prevalence, change, and correlates. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 29(1), S22S30. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, R., Thompson, R., Tabrizi, G., & Nartey, A. (2014). Engaging young people not in education, employment or training: The case for a youth resolution. University and College Union. Retrieved from https://www.ucu.org.uk/media/6185/Engaging-young-people-not-in-education-employment-or-training-The-case-for-a-Youth-Resolution-Feb14/pdf/ucu_youthresolution_report_feb14.pdf.Google Scholar
Smith, J., Skrbis, Z., & Western, M. (2013). Beneath the “Digital Native” myth: Understanding young Australians’ online time use. Journal of Sociology, 49(1), 97118. doi: 10.1177/1440783311434856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stald, G., Green, L., Barbovski, M., Haddon, L, Mascheroni, G., Ságvári, B., Scifo, B., & Tsaliki, L. (2014). Online on the mobile: Internet use on smartphones and associated risks among youth in Europe. London, UK: EU Kids Online, LSE.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., & Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216224. doi: 10.1002/dev.20445.Google ScholarPubMed
The science of adolescent risk-taking workshop report (2011). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Tymula, A., Rosenberg Belmaker, L., Roy, A., Ruderman, L., Manson, K., Glimcher, P., & Levy, I. (2012). Adolescents’ risk-taking behavior is driven by tolerance to ambiguity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(42), 1713517140. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207144109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandoninck, S., d’Haenens, L., & Smahel, D. (2014). Preventive measures: How youngsters avoid online risks. London, UK: EU Kids Online.Google Scholar
Vromen, A. (2008). Building virtual spaces: Young people, participation and the Internet. Australian Journal of Political Science, 43(1), 7997. doi: 10.1080/10361140701842581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodman, D., & Wyn, J. (2014). Youth and generation: Rethinking change and inequality in the lives of young people. London, UK: SageGoogle Scholar
Wu, X., Zhang, Z., Zhao, F., Wang, W., Li, Y., Bi, L., … Sun, Y. (2016). Prevalence of Internet addiction and its association with social support and other related factors among adolescents in China. Journal of Adolescence, 52, 103111. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed