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Impaired cardiac output during exercise in adults operated for ventricular septal defect in childhood: a hitherto unrecognised pathophysiological response

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2017

Benjamin Asschenfeldt Open the ORCID record for Benjamin Asschenfeldt [Opens in a new window] ,
Johan Heiberg ,
Steffen Ringgaard ,
Marie Maagaard ,
Andrew Redington  and
Vibeke E. Hjortdal
Benjamin Asschenfeldt*
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Johan Heiberg
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Steffen Ringgaard
Affiliation:
MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Marie Maagaard
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Andrew Redington
Affiliation:
Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
Vibeke E. Hjortdal
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
*
Correspondence to: B. Asschenfeldt, MD, Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. Tel: +45 7845 3082; Fax: +45 7845 3079; E-mail: ba@clin.au.dk
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Abstract

Background

Recent studies have demonstrated that surgical ventricular septal defect closure in childhood is associated with reduced functional capacity and disruption of the right ventricular force–frequency relationship during exercise. To further describe long-term cardiac function, we performed a non-invasive assessment of cardiac index during exercise in adults having undergone surgery for ventricular septal defect in early childhood.

Methods

A total of 20 patients (surgical age 2.1±1.4 years, age at examination 22.1±2.2 years) and 20 healthy, matched controls (23.4±2.1 years at examination) underwent continuous supine bicycle ergometry during MRI. Their blood flow was recorded in the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk at increasing exercise levels. Cardiac index, retrograde flow, and vessel diameters were determined by blinded, post hoc analyses.

Results

The patient group had normal cardiac index at rest (2.9±0.7 L/minute/m2), which was comparable with that of the controls (3.0±0.6 L/minute/m2); however, they had a lower increase in cardiac index during exercise (reaching 7.3±1.3 L/minute/m2 at submaximal exercise) compared with controls (8.2±1.2 L/minute/m2), p<0.05. Patients had a significantly higher ascending aorta retrograde flow than controls at rest and throughout exercise. In the pulmonary artery, the retrograde flow was minimal at rest in both groups, but increased significantly in patients during exercise compared with controls.

Conclusions

Young adults with a surgically closed ventricular septal defect have a reduced cardiac index during exercise compared with healthy, young adults. The impaired cardiac index appears to be related to an increasing retrograde flow in the pulmonary artery with progressive exertion.

Keywords

CHDventricular septal defectlong-term follow-upMRIcardiac outputretrograde flow
Type
Original Articles
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 27 , Issue 8 , October 2017 , pp. 1591 - 1598
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Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2017 

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