1 On the distinctions between Marxism as ‘science’ and as ‘critique,’ see Alvin W. Gouldner, The Two Marxisms (New York: Seabury 1980), and my review in Theory and Society 10.2 (1981).

2 See Engels, Friedrich, Anti-Duhring (New York: International Publishers 1939);Google ScholarKautsky, Karl, Ethics and the Materialist Theory of History (Chicago: Kerr 1918);Google Scholar and Trotsky, Leon, Their Morals and Ours (New York: Pathfinder Press 1969)Google Scholar.

3 See Bernstein, Edward, Evolutionary Socialism (New York: Schocken 1961)Google Scholar and the selection of material in Austro-Marxism (New York: Oxford U.P. 1978), translated and edited by Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode; especially, Otto Bauer, ‘Marxism and Ethics', 78-84.

4 On ‘critical Marxism', see Gouldner, op. cit.

5 Gouldner, op. cit., and my article (with Robert C. Solomon) ‘The New Hegel and the Debate about Marx,’ in a Yachev Press anthology on recent trends in contemporary philosophy (forthcoming).

6 On Marxian dialectics and the interrelation between fact and value in the Marxian theory, see Oilman, BerteII, Alienation (New York: 1971).Google Scholar

7 See Karl Marx, ‘Letters from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbucher’ in Karl Marx and Engels, Frederick, Collected Works, Vol. 3 (New York: International Publishers 1975);Google Scholar page references to Marx's texts in this volume will henceforth be put into parentheses in the text of this article.

8 Karl Marx, Doctoral Dissertation, in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1, op. cit., 85. Marx also practices a sort of Feuerbachian ‘transformative criticism’ in his early writings; see, for example, his criticism of Hegel's theory of the state in his commentary Contributions to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law, in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3, op. cit. 5ff. and the discussion of this method of critique in Avineri, Shlomo, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (New York: Cambridge U.P. 1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 On Marx's moral rhetoric and literary style, see Marshall Berman's study in his forthcoming book, All that is Solid Melts into Air: Studies of Modernism and Modernization, to be published by Simon and Schuster.

10 A detailed study of the moral components in Marx's early writings is found in Kamenka, Eugene, The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (New York: Praeger 1962).Google Scholar Although Kamenka's textual studies are useful, I basically disagree with his method of analysis, interpretation of the role of the moral dimension of Marxism, and his conception of the tasks of moral theory, as the following pages should make clear.

11 Marx, , ‘Letters', Collected Works, Vol. 3, op. cit., 133.Google Scholar

12 See Marcuse, Herbert, An Essay on Liberation (Boston: Beacon Press 1969)Google Scholar where he writes: ‘Morality is not necessarily and not primarily ideological. In the fact of an amoral society, it becomes a political weapon, an effective force which drives people to burn their draft cards, to ridicule national leaders, to demonstrate in the streets, and to unfold signs saying, “Thou shall not kill,” in the nation's churches.’ (8). Marcuse's interpretation of Marxism, which has influenced formulations in this paper, is discussed in my forthcoming book, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism.

13 Marx, , ‘Letters', op. cit., 134Google Scholar

14 In Hegel's, , Phenomenology of Mind (New York: Harper and Row 1967),Google Scholar there is a section titled ‘Self-Contained individuals associated as a community of animals,' which mercilessly dissects the socio-political world of bourgeois society (413ff.).

15 See Althusser, Louis, For Marx (New York: Vintage Books 1970) 35f.Google Scholar and 223f.

16 Marx, , ‘On the Jewish Question', Collected Works, Vol. 3, op. cit., 146.Google Scholar Marx developed his criticisms of the capitalist production, property, and exchangesystem in a brilliant analysis of James Mill's Elements of Political Economy, in Collected Works, op. cit., 211ff. Marx's commentary on Mill was written during the same period as the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (hereafter abbreviated EPM) and should be carefully studied alongside of this work, as they supplement and enrich each other.

17 See Kamenka, op. cit., for an example

18 See the articles in the English Journal Radical Philosophy by Tony Skillen, 'Marxism and Morality', 8 and Andrew Collier, ‘On the Production of Moral Ideology', 9 (1974). These are brilliant critiques of bourgeois ideology, but do not examine or discuss the moral dimensions of the Marxian theory itself - a task assumed in this article.

19 See Horkheimer, Max, ‘Traditional and Critical Theory', in Critical Theory (New York: Herder and Herder 1972)Google Scholar and Habermas, Jürgen, Zur Logik der Sozialwissenschaften (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1970).Google Scholar

20 See, especially, Marx, EPM, op. cit., 231ff. and 298ff ..

21 OIlman, op. cit., 49

22 I do not want to exaggerate the role of the ‘moral critique’ in Marx's early works within his project as a whole. Note that I indicate that there are at least six varieties of ‘critique’ operative in Marx's writings on page 96. There is no question but that what I call ‘ideology critique’ and ‘scientific critique’ played an ever larger role in Marx's later writings. I do not accept the Althusserian view, however, that there are radical breaks within the corpus of Marx's works (see For Marx, op. cit.). Instead, I see a unity and continuity in which, for example, the moral critique which stands at the center of Marx's early writings is still operative in Marx's 'scientific critique’ which stands at the center of his later writings. For an examination of Capital and Marx's later economic writings which shows how the problematic of alienation and theories of human nature, dialectics, etc., are still operative, see Oilman, op. cit.

23 On Marx's concept of alienation, see OIlman, op. cit., and Istvan Meszaros, Marx's Theory of Alienation (London: Merlin 1970).

24 See Marx, EPM, op. cit., 272ff., and Herbert Marcuse, ‘On the Philosophical Concept of Labor in Economics', and my discussion of the article and issues in Telos 16 (1973).

25 See Marx's celebrated study of alienated labor in EPM, op. cit., 272ff.

26 Marx, op. cit.. See also my article ‘Human Nature and Capitalism in Adam Smith and Karl Marx', in Schwartz, Jesse ed., The Subtle Anatomy of Capitalism (Santa Monica: Goodyear Publishing Company 1977).Google Scholar

27 Marx, op. cit., 306ff.

28 See Marx, ‘On the Jewish Question', op. cit.; ‘Comments on Mill', op. cit.; EPM, op. cit.; and the critique of commodity fetishism in Capital, Chapter One, Section Four.

29 See OIlman, op. cit.

30 See the sources in note 28, as well as the Grundrisse and Theories of Surplus-Value.

31 Marx's early writings are full of praises of freedom, which is one of the central values shared by Marx and the liberal tradition. See the passages cited on page six below and Marx's essays on freedom of the press, divorce laws, and other topics in his Journalistic articles in Collected Works, Vol. 1, op. cit., discussed in Kamenka, op. cit. Marx, unlike many previous thinkers, analyses restrictions on human freedom and well-being in the capitalist mode of production and calls for the elimnation of those restrictions on human freedom in a freer, in principle, socialist society. Although Marx moves from a fervent affirmation of human freedom in his earlier writings to versions of a ‘soft determinism’ in his later writings, he continued to assume that the main restrictions on human freedom derived from the capitalist mode of production, the elimination of which would enable socialism to produce a ‘realm of freedom’ (Marx, Capital Ill) for the first time in history.

32 Marx, ‘Comments on James Mill,’ op. cit., 217. For another discussion of the connection between human nature and community, see ‘Critical Marginal Notes on the Article by a Prussian', op. cit., 245ff.

33 See Marx, EPM, op. cit., and Bell, Daniel, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books 1976).Google Scholar

34 Marx, EPM, op. cit., 309ff.

35 Marx, op. cit.

36 Marx and Engels, The Holy Family, cited from The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton 1978), 133-4.

37 Marx, EPM, op. cit., 275ff. and 296ff .. See also Schmidt, Alfred, Marx's Concept of Nature (London: New Left Books 1971).Google Scholar

38 Marx, , EPM, op. cit., and ‘Theses on Feuerbach', in Collected Works, Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers 1976), 7.Google Scholar

39 See The Communist Manifesto for a dramatic presentation of this point.

40 Marx-Engels, , The German Ideology, in Collected Works, Vol. 5, 47Google Scholar

41 Marx, Karl, Critique of the Gotha Program, in The Marx-Engels Reader, op. cit., 531Google Scholar

42 Marx, , EPM, op. cit., 295Google Scholar

43 Marx, ‘Comments on Mill', op. cit., 227-8

44 Marx, EPM, op. cit., 296-7

45 In Capital, XIV, ‘Division of Labor and Manufacture', Marx fleshes out the critique of alienated labor with a wealth of historical and empirical detail. Throughout Capital, there are condemnations of the dehumanizing effects of capitalism on human beings which presuppose - and in turn concretize - the theory of human nature, alienated labor, and moral critique of capitalism found in Marx's early writings. See, for example, the passage in Capital, Chapter XXV, where Marx writes: We saw ih Part IV, when analyzing the production of relative surplus-value: within the capitalist system all methods for raising the social productiveness of labor are brought about at the cost of the individual laborer; all means for the development of production transform themselves into means of domination over, and exploitation of, the producers; they mutiliate the laborer into a fragment of a man, degrade him to the level of an appendage of a machine, destroy every remnant of charm in his work and turn it into a hated toil; they estrange from him the intellectual potentialities of the labor-process in the same proportion as science is incorporated in it as an independent power; they distort the conditions under which he works, subject him during the labor-process to a despotism the more hateful for its meanness; they transform his life-time into working-time, and drag his wife and child beneath the wheels of the Juggernaut of capital. (cited from Marx-Engels Reader, op. cit., 430)

46 Marx, , ‘Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law', in Collected Works, Vol. 3, op. cit., 184Google Scholar

47 Ibid .., 186

48 For the continuity in Marx's historical conception of the coming of communism and proletarian revolution, compare EPM, op. cit., 313; The German Ideology, op. cit., 52-3; and Capital, Chapter XXXII.

49 Marx, ‘Contribution', op. cit., 182

50 Marx-Engels, The German Ideology, op. cit. On the historical background to the Marxian concept of ideology, its formulation by Marx and Engels, and its development in later Marxian theorists, see my article ‘Ideology, Marxism, and Advanced Capitalism', Socialist Review 42 (1978).

51 Marx-Engels, op. cit., 59

52 See, for example, the commentary by Williams, Raymond in Marxism and Literature (New York: Oxford U.P. 1977).Google Scholar

53 Marx-Engels, op. cit., 59ff.

54 On ‘radical needs,’ see Heller, Agnes, The Theory of Needs in Marx (London: Allison and Busby 1976)Google Scholar and on transcending needs,’ see Marcuse, Herbert, Counterrevolution and Revold (Boston: Beacon Press 1971).Google Scholar

55 For arguments along these lines see the discussion of ideology in my paper, 'Ideology, Marxism, and Advanced Capitalism,’ op. cit.

56 Kamenka, , op. cit.; See also his little book Marxism and Ethics (London: Macmillan 1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57 See the articles by Skillen and Collier cited in note 18 for arguments along these lines.

58 See Nielsen, Kai, ‘Marxism, Ideology, and Moral Philosophy,’ Social Theory and Practice 6 (1980) 62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Remarks throughout this section are addressed to issues which Nielsen raises in this paper.

59 For a critique of the optimism and evolutionary progressivism in Marx's theory of history, see my book Karl Korsch: Revolutionary Theory (Austin: U. of Texas Press 1977).