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Linear Operators on Matrix Algebras that Preserve the Numerical Range, Numerical Radius or the States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Chi-Kwong Li  and
Ahmed Ramzi Sourour
Chi-Kwong Li
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA e-mail: ckli@math.wm.edu.
Ahmed Ramzi Sourour
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P4 e-mail: sourour@math.uvic.ca.
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Abstract

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Every norm $\mathcal{V}$ on ${{\text{C}}^{\text{n}}}$ induces two norm numerical ranges on the algebra ${{M}_{n}}\,\text{of}\,\text{all}\,\text{n}\,\times \,\text{n}$ complex matrices, the spatial numerical range

$$W\left( A \right)=\left\{ {{x}^{*}}Ay:x,y\in {{\text{C}}^{n}},{{v}^{D}}\left( x \right)=v\left( y \right)={{x}^{*}}y=1 \right\},$$

where ${{\mathcal{V}}^{D}}$ is the norm dual to $\mathcal{V}$, and the algebra numerical range

$$V\left( A \right)=\left\{ f\left( A \right):f\in S \right\},$$

where $S$ is the set of states on the normed algebra ${{M}_{n}}$ under the operator norm induced by $\mathcal{V}$. For a symmetric norm $\mathcal{V}$, we identify all linear maps on ${{M}_{n}}$ that preserve either one of the two norm numerical ranges or the set of states or vector states. We also identify the numerical radius isometries, i.e., linear maps that preserve the (one) numerical radius induced by either numerical range. In particular, it is shown that if $\mathcal{V}$ is not the ${{\ell }_{1}},{{\ell }_{2}},\,\text{or}\,{{\ell }_{\infty }}$ norms, then the linear maps that preserve either numerical range or either set of states are “inner”, i.e., of the form $A\mapsto {{Q}^{*}}AQ$, where $Q$ is a product of a diagonal unitary matrix and a permutation matrix and the numerical radius isometries are unimodular scalar multiples of such inner maps. For the ${{\ell }_{1}}$ and the ${{\ell }_{\infty }}$ norms, the results are quite different.

Keywords

15A6015A0447A1247A30Numerical rangenumerical radiusstateisometry
Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Mathematics , Volume 56 , Issue 1 , 01 February 2004 , pp. 134 - 167
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Mathematical Society 2004

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