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Moral Pluralism and Constitutional Horizontality
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 September 2024
Abstract
Despite the growing influence of constitutional rights over the regulation of horizontal (private) relations, many aspects of this trend remain under-theorized. This article criticizes four ideal-typical constitutional horizontality models for failing to accommodate moral reasons that must shape this regulatory practice: the state action model ignores basic consequentialist aspects of political morality; the direct application model ignores basic relational aspects of interpersonal morality; the strong indirect model recognizes both but subordinates the latter to the former; and the partitioned indirect model recognizes both but separates them too strongly. This article claims that a composite indirect model, which reflects basic features of the common law, can better realize constitutional rights through private law in conditions of moral pluralism: it can expose private law to constitutional rights-based and reform-oriented scrutiny without ignoring, eroding, or distorting the unique normativity of private relations and practices or their underlying values.
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- © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of University of Western Ontario (Faculty of Law)
References
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96. See Bilchitz, supra note 32 at 105, 116, 128.
97. See Thomas, supra note 13 at 25-28, 33-34.
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100. This idea is implicit in the four-stage sequence in which Rawls unpacks his theory of justice—see Rawls, Political Liberalism, supra note 30 at 397-99; Rawls, Justice as Fairness, supra note 30 at 11, 48.
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102. Weinrib claims, in this regard, that constitutional rights with distributive aspects that entail positive duties (most notably social and economic rights), are outside the scope of horizontality because they are incompatible with the bipolar normative structure of private law (which, at most, can recognize negative duties not to impair the exercise of such rights that it is the state’s positive duty to guarantee). See Weinrib, supra note 74 at 150-60. Responding to these claims about the nature of private law goes beyond the scope of this article. A brief reply is that private law can, and already does, translate collective duties (say, to protect public safety or promote equality) to private law duties, including positive ones.
103. Lüth, supra note 73. See also Mathews, supra note 11 at 51ff.
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105. See Weinrib, supra note 74 at 131-41.
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107. See Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 et al v Dolphin Delivery Ltd, [1986] 2 SCR 573.
108. Ibid at 600.
109. Hill, supra note 5 at 1170-1171.
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111. See Dunmore v Ontario (Attorney General), [2001] 3 SCR 1016.
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113. See Hill, supra note 5 at 1183, 1187-88, 1193.
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115. See Cass R Sunstein, “Incompletely Theorized Agreements” (1995) 108:7 Harv L Rev 1733. See also Vladislava Stoyanova, “Common Law Tort of Negligence as a Tool for Deconstructing Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights” (2020) 24:5 Intl JHR 632 at 638-41.
116. On this solution from the private law side, see Hanoch Dagan & Avihay Dorfman, “Justice in Private: Beyond the Rawlsian Framework” (2018) 37:2 Law & Phil 171 at 173, 176.
117. See Bilchitz, supra note 32 at 219-33.
118. Mathews, supra note 11 at 186, 191.
119. See Hayek, supra note 28 at 24-25. See also Weinrib, supra note 74 at 140-41.
120. See Stoyanova, supra note 115 at 645-48.
121. See Young, supra note 27 at 113-22.
122. For example, if we come across an online sale of a product that we really want and it ends in an hour, and we are exhausted, we might have good second-order reasons to avoid the purchase. How attractive the deal is, how tired we are, and the possible cost will all shape our decision. See Ruth Chang, “Putting Together Morality and Well-Being” in Baumann & Betzler, supra note 82, 118 at 140-47.
123. See Phillipson & Williams, supra note 99.
124. See McKinney v University of Guelph, [1990] 3 SCR 229 [McKinney].
125. See Douglas/Kwantlen Faculty Ass’n v Douglas College, [1990] 3 SCR 570.
126. See Aharon Barak, Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and their Limitations (Cambridge University Press, 2012) at 461.
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128. See Bărbulescu, supra note 4 at paras 139-41.
129. See López Ribalda and Others v Spain [GC], No 1874/13, (17 October 2019).
130. See James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2008) at 68-69, 80.
131. See Amartya Sen, “Consequential Evaluation and Practical Reason” (2000) 97:9 J Philosophy 477 at 487-94. See also Christian Seidel, “New Wave Consequentialism: An Introduction” in Christian Seidel, ed, Consequentialism: New Directions, New Problems (Oxford University Press, 2019) 1.
132. See Hurley, supra note 81 at 127-31.
133. See Rawls, Political Liberalism, supra note 30 at 11, 257-58; Rawls, Justice as Fairness, supra note 30 at 10-12, 50, 73. See also Samuel Freeman, Rawls (Routledge, 2007) at 243, 294-95, 336.
134. Ronald Dworkin, “In Praise of Theory” (1997) 29:2 Ariz St LJ 353 at 357.
135. See also Shyamkrishna Balganesh & Gideon Parchomovsky, “Structure and Value in the Common Law” (2015) 163:5 U Pa L Rev 1241; Hanoch Dagan, “Doctrinal Categories, Legal Realism, and the Rule of Law” (2015) 163:7 U Pa L Rev 1889 at 1891-1908.
136. Pettit, “The Inescapability of Consequentialism”, supra note 127 at 45.
137. Joseph Raz, From Normativity to Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2011) at 176. See also NP Adams, “In Defense of Exclusionary Reasons” (2021) 178:1 Philosophical Studies 235.
138. See Alison L Young, “The Human Rights Act 1998, Horizontality and the Constitutionalisation of Private Law” in Katja S Ziegler & Peter M Huber, eds, Current Problems in the Protection of Human Rights: Perspectives from Germany and the UK (Hart, 2013) 69 at 83.
139. Campbell, supra note 112 at para 53.
140. [2009] 3 SCR 640.
141. See Martha C Nussbaum, “The Costs of Tragedy: Some Moral Limits of Cost-Benefit Analysis” (2000) 29:2 J Leg Stud 1005; Martha C Nussbaum, “Comment” in Judith Jarvis Thomson, Goodness and Advice, ed by Amy Gutmann (Princeton University Press, 2001) 97 at 102-04.
142. See Seana Valentine Shiffrin, Democratic Law, ed by Hannah Ginsborg (Oxford University Press, 2021) at 86.
143. See Thomas Nagel, Equality and Partiality (Oxford University Press, 1991) at 109-10.