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PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND COLD HARDINESS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.), DURING PRE-DIAPAUSE AND DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Er-Ning Han  and
Eric Bauce
Er-Ning Han
Affiliation:
Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, C.R.B.F., Université Laval, Ste-Foy (Québec), Canada G1K 7P4
Eric Bauce
Affiliation:
Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, C.R.B.F., Université Laval, Ste-Foy (Québec), Canada G1K 7P4
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Abstract

Supercooling point, biochemical metabolites, and water content of the larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) were measured during pre-diapause and diapause development under laboratory conditions. Supercooling point dropped significantly, from a mean value of −22.9 °C to −31.7 °C during the 3-week pre-diapause development. Supercooling point continued to decline down to −34.5 °C after the beginning of diapause. Water content also dropped significantly during pre-diapause development and was maintained at a low level during diapause. Significant amounts of glycerol were detected only when the larvae were 5 weeks into diapause and the glycerol level continued to increase until week 20 when it was almost 10 times its original level. Glycogen was nearly depleted after diapause, but lipid remained at a relatively high level. Little change in glucose and trehalose content was found during diapause in spite of their initial rise before diapause. Larvae could survive low temperatures close to their supercooling point without freezing but none survived freezing, suggesting that this species is freeze-intolerant. First-instar larvae were found to excrete green material out of their body within 5 days after emergence. Removal of this material from the insect body coincided with a significant drop in supercooling point, indicating that a potential nucleating factor might be involved in the green material. The implications of these results for the overwintering strategy of C. fumiferana are discussed.

Résumé

Les points de congélation, les métabolites biochimiques de même que les contenus en eau des larves de tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), élevées en conditions de laboratoire, ont été mesurées durant une période précédant la diapause et durant la diapause. Pendant les 3 semaines précédant la diapause, le points de congélation des larves diminua de façon significative de −22.9 °C à −31.7 °C. Le point de congélation continua à chuter jusqu’à −34.5 °C après le début de la diapause. Durant la période précédant la diapause, le contenu moyen en eau des larves diminua aussi de façon significative, alors que durant la diapause il fut maintenu à des niveaux relativement bas. Des quantités appréciables de glycérol furent détectées seulement 5 semaines après le début de la diapause. Par la suite, les contenus en glycérol augmentèrent jusqu’à la 20ème semaine. Vingt semaines après le début de la diapause, les niveaux de glycérol étaient 10 fois plus élevés qu’au début de la diapause. A la fin de la diapause, il ne restait plus de glycogène alors que le contenu moyen des larves en lipides se maintenait à des niveaux relativement élevé. Peu de changements dans les contenus moyens des larves en glucose et en tréhalose furent notés durant la diapause, bien que ceux-ci augmentèrent avant le début de la diapause. Les larves de tordeuse ont survécu à des températures se rapprochant de leur points de congélation en autant que le point de congélation ne soit pas atteint. Ceci suggère que cette espèce est du type intolérant à la congélation. A l’intérieur d’une période de 5 jours suivant l’éclosion, les larves de premier stade évacuèrent, par voie d’excrétion, une substance verte. L’élimination de cette substance coïncida avec une baisse significative du point de congélation de l’insecte, indiquant ainsi que cette substance pourrait agir comme facteur de nucléation. Les résultats de cette étude sont discutés dans un cadre de stratégie de dormance hivernale.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 125 , Issue 6 , December 1993 , pp. 1043 - 1053
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1993

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