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Diapause and voltinism in western and 2-year-cycle spruce budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and their hybrid progeny

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

V.G. Nealis
V.G. Nealis
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8Z 1M5 (e-mail: vnealis@nrcan.gc.ca)
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Abstract

Breeding experiments and rearing under variable controlled conditions have revealed that western and 2-year-cycle spruce budworms (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. biennis Freeman, respectively) from British Columbia, Canada, and their hybrid progeny have the inherent capacity for a variable number of diapause events and hence voltinism. While all crosses have at least one diapause, variability in the relative frequency of a second diapause is determined by genetic traits modified by the photoperiod and, to a lesser extent, temperature experienced during the larval stages. Second diapause appears fixed in C. biennis but is facultative and most frequent at short photophases (12L:12D) in C. occidentalis. Hybrids and backcrosses had responses intermediate to the parental responses under all environmental conditions. The occurrence of a facultative third diapause in all crosses underlines the inherent capacity for flexibility in voltinism in these species. These results are discussed in the context of past, present, and future distributions of alternative life cycles in closely related species.

Résumé

Des expériences de reproduction et d'élevage dans diverses conditions contrôlées révèlent que les tordeuses occidentale et bisannuelle de l'épinette (respectivement Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman et C. biennis Freeman) de la Colombie-Britannique et leurs hybrides ont la capacité inhérente d'entrer un nombre variable de fois en diapause et donc de produire un nombre variable de générations dans un période donnée. Chaque hybride entre au moins une fois en diapause, et la variabilité sur le plan de la fréquence relative d'une deuxième diapause dépend de caractères génétiques modifiés par la photopériode et, dans une moindre mesure, par les conditions de température qui ont prévalu au cours des stades larvaires. Il semble que C. biennis entre toujours au moins deux fois en diapause, tandis que chez C. occidentalis, la deuxième diapause est facultative et se produit plus fréquemment lorsque les photopériodes sont courtes. Les hybrides et les produits de rétrocroisements ont donné des résultats intermédiaires par rapport à ceux de leurs parents et ce, dans toutes les conditions environnementales. La possibilité d'une troisième diapause facultative chez tous les hybrides met en valeur la capacité inhérente de flexibilité des deux espèces sur le plan du voltinisme. Ces résultats font l'objet d'une discussion dans le contexte des répartitions passées, présentes et future d'autres cycles de vie chez des espèces étroitement apparentées.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 137 , Issue 5 , October 2005 , pp. 584 - 597
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2005

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