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BIOLOGY OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

George W. Powell
Affiliation:
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 3015 Ord Road, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2B 8A9
Brian M. Wikeem*
Affiliation:
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 3015 Ord Road, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2B 8A9
Allen Sturko
Affiliation:
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 3015 Ord Road, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2B 8A9
*
2 Author to whom all correspondence should be sent at the following address: Solterra Resources Inc., 4611 Westsyde Road, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2B 8N3.

Abstract

We examined the influence of temperature and release density on the root-boring moth, Agapeta zoegana L., a biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Moths were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 adult male–female pairs) in each of 2 years (1992 and 1993 cohorts) into outdoor, caged plots containing spotted knapweed. Air temperature, larval establishment and mass, and adult emergence, mass, and body dimensions were measured. Larval production increased linearly with adult release density in both cohorts. Larval survival ranged from 0 to 100% and was not correlated with release density or accumulated degree-days in either year. Date of first emergence occurred earlier as both release density and larvae per plant increased, but only for the 1992 cohort. Declining resources or increased contact among the larvae may induce early pupation. Peak emergence rate increased with release density in both cohorts. First emergence was related more closely to calendar date than accumulated degree-days. In contrast, peak emergence rates were more consistent with degree-day accumulations between cohorts than calendar date. Adult production increased with parental release density in both cohorts. Females were heavier, wider, and longer than males. Optimal A. zoegana production will be achieved with releases of greater than 1.6 male–female adult pairs per spotted knapweed plant.

Résumé

Nous avons étudié l’influence de la température et de la densité au moment de la libération des adultes chez un papillon parasite des racines, Agapeta zoegana L., un agent de lutte biologique contre la centaurée diffuse, Centaurea diffusa Lam., et la centaurée maculée, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Les papillons ont été libérés à raison de six densités différentes (1, 2, 4, 8,16 et 32 couples d’adultes, mâle et femelle) au cours de 2 années (1992 et 1993), dans des enceintes d’extérieur fermées contenant des centaurées maculées. La température de l’air, l’établissement des larves et leur masse, l’émergence des adultes, leur masse et les dimensions de leur corps ont été mesurés. La production des larves a augmenté linéairement en fonction de la densité des papillons libérés chez les deux cohortes. La survie des larves allait de 0 à 100% et n’a pu être reliée à la densité des papillons lors de leur libération ni au nombre cumulatif de degrés-jours, ni l’une ni l’autre des 2 années. Au sein de la cohorte de 1992 seulement, la date de la première émergence a été plus hâtive alors que la densité des adultes libérés et la densité des larves par plant ont augmenté. La diminution des ressources ou un contact plus serré entre les larves peuvent provoquer une nymphose hâtive. Le taux maximum d’émergence a augmenté en fonction de la densité des papillons libérés chez les deux cohortes. La première émergence était reliée de plus près à la date au calendrier qu’au nombre accumulé de degrés-jours. En revanche, les taux maximum d’émergence étaient reliés de plus près à l’accumulation de degrés-jours entre les cohortes qu’à la date. La production d’adultes a augmenté en fonction de la densité des parents libérés chez les deux cohortes. Les femelles étaient plus lourdes, plus longues et plus larges que les mâles. La production d’Agapeta zoegana sera optimale par libération de plus de 1,6 couple d’adultes par plant de centaurée maculée.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2000

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