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Biology, ecology, and management of dogwood borer in eastern apple orchards

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

J. Christopher Bergh  and
Tracy C. Leskey
J. Christopher Bergh*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alson H Smith, Jr, Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 595 Laurel Grove Road, Winchester, Virgina 22602, United States of America
Tracy C. Leskey
Affiliation:
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 45 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States of America
*
1 Corresponding author (e-mail: cbergh@vt.edu).
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Abstract

The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), has the broadest host range of the clearwing moths and is considered to be an economically important pest of many ornamental, fruit, and nut trees. Since the 1980s, dogwood borer has been recognized as an increasingly important, indirect pest of apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), in eastern North America, owing mainly to increased plantings of apple on size-controlling rootstocks that promote the formation of adventitious root initials (burr knots) on the rootstock and scion. Burr knots appear to be preferred oviposition sites for dogwood borer females, although infestations can also be initiated in wounds, pruning cuts, and crotches on the branches and trunk. Larval feeding in burr knots does not adversely affect the growth and vigor of apple trees, but their mining outward from burr knots into vascular tissue can ultimately cause tree decline and death. Chlorpyrifos is the most effective insecticide for controlling dogwood borer. A supplemental label in the United States permits post-bloom, trunk drench applications of chlorpyrifos specifically for control of borers in apple, with several restrictions that preclude control of infestations higher in the tree. The ongoing review of pesticide tolerances dictated by the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act of the United States of America makes the long-term availability of this chemical uncertain. Cultural practices, such as deeper planting or berming, can reduce the likelihood of infestation of new apple plantings by dogwood borer, although they do not preclude infestations from developing above the graft union. This review and discussion is based on our contention that research toward the development of alternative, behaviorally based management strategies for dogwood borer in apple and other economically important host plants is warranted. Our review and synthesis of the dogwood borer literature revealed important gaps in knowledge about basic aspects of its biology that pertain directly to the development of alternative control tactics based on behavioral manipulation. There is considerable confusion surrounding the sex pheromone of dogwood borer and conflicting results on the response of males to isomers and blends of isomers of its purported pheromone. Studies using sex attractants to monitor its phenology in apple and non-apple habitats have yielded discrepant results and conclusions. Differences in the effectiveness of commercially available pheromone lures for trapping dogwood borer have been reported and the ability of pheromone traps to accurately reflect emergence or population density remains in question. Regardless of pronounced differences in the duration and modality of the seasonal flight of dogwood borer among different geographical regions within its range, the conclusion of univoltinism across most of its range has been perpetuated, based on extremely limited developmental data collected exclusively from individuals that developed on dogwood.

Résumé

La sésie du cornouiller, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera : Sesiidae), est le sésiidé qui possède la gamme la plus étendue d'hôtes et elle est considérée comme un ravageur d'importance économique de plusieurs arbres d'ornement, arbres fruitiers et arbres à noix. Depuis les années 1980, la sésie du cornouiller est devenue un ravageur indirect, mais d'importance croissante, du pommier, Malus domesticus Borkh. (Rosaceae), dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord à cause surtout de la pratique de plus en plus répandue de planter les pommiers sur des porte-greffe qui limitent leur taille et qui favorisent la formation de primordiums de racines adventices (broussins) sur le porte-greffe et sur le greffon. Les broussins semblent être les sites préférés de ponte des sésies du cornouiller, bien que les infestations puissent débuter dans les plaies, les coupures d'émondage et les fourches sur les branches et le tronc. L'alimentation des larves dans les broussins n'affecte de façon négative ni la croissance, ni la vigueur des pommiers, mais le déplacement des larves vers l'extérieur des broussins, dans le tissu vasculaire, peut en fin de compte causer le déclin et la mort de l'arbre. Le chlorpyrifos est l'insecticide le plus efficace pour contrôler la sésie du cornouiller. Une étiquette supplémentaire aux États-Unis d'Amérique permet l'application du chlorpyrifos après la floraison par imprégnation du tronc spécifiquement pour la lutte contre les sésies chez le pommier, mais plusieurs restrictions en défendent l'utilization pour le contrôle d'infestations plus haut dans l'arbre. La mise à jour continuelle des tolérances des pesticides ordonnée par la loi américaine de 1996 sur la protection de la qualité de la nourriture rend la disponibilité de ce produit chimique incertaine à long terme. Des pratiques culturales, telles que de planter les pommiers plus profondément ou d'entasser de la terre le long du tronc, peuvent réduire la probabilité de l'infestation de nouvelles plantations de pommiers par la sésie, bien qu'elles n'empêchent pas les infestations de se développer au-dessus du niveau de la greffe. Notre revue et notre discussion se justifient, croyons-nous, par la nécessité de chercher des stratégies de gestion de rechange, basées sur le comportement, pour faire la lutte à la sésie du cornouiller dans les pommeraies et dans les cultures d'autres plantes d'importance économique. Notre revue et synthèse de la littérature sur la sésie du cornouiller met en lumière d'importantes lacunes dans les connaissances biologiques fondamentales de l'insecte qui sont directement reliées à laconception de stratégies de lutte de rechange basées sur la manipulation des comportements. Il existe beaucoup de confusion au sujet de la phéromone sexuelle de la sésie du cornouiller et des résultats contradictoires sur la réaction des mâles aux isomères ou aux mélanges d'isomères de sa présumée phéromone. Des études qui ont utilizé des substances d'attraction sexuelle pour suivre la phénologie de l'insectes dans des habitats de pommeraies et d'autres milieux ont aussi produit des résultats et des conclusions contradictoires. Les pièges à phéromones disponibles dans le commerce pour capturer la sésie du cornouiller ont des efficacités variables et la capacité de ces pièges de refléter avec précision l'émergence et la densité de population reste à déterminer. Malgré des différences importantes dans la durée et la modalité du vol saisonnier de la sésie du cornouiller dans les différentes régions géographiques de sa répartition, on continue à lui attribuer un cycle univoltin sur presque toute son aire de répartition; ces conclusions se basent sur des données de développement extrêmement succinctes obtenues sur des insectes qui se sont développés sur des cornouillers.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 135 , Issue 5 , October 2003 , pp. 615 - 635
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2003

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