Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-01T02:33:50.250Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ball sampling, a novel method to detect Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in hemlock (Pinaceae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2015

Jeffrey G. Fidgen ,
Mark C. Whitmore  and
Jean J. Turgeon
Jeffrey G. Fidgen*
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada – Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5
Mark C. Whitmore
Affiliation:
Cornell Univeristy, Department of Natural Resources, 106 Fernow Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States of America
Jean J. Turgeon
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada – Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: jeff.fidgen@nrcan-rncan.gc.ca).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Detection of the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in the crown of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (Linnaeus) Carrière (Pinaceae), relies mainly on two techniques: (1) sampling of branches from the lower half of the crown using pole pruners; and, (2) visual examinations of accessible foliage from the ground. As a result, infestations starting elsewhere than the lower crown may be missed because the upper crown is out of reach for both techniques. We developed a novel technique called ball sampling, and evaluated its sensitivity at detecting a range of A. tsugae ovisac densities as estimated by pole pruning branch tips of T. canadensis. We launched racquet balls covered with VELCRO® patches of hooks through branches and examined them for the presence of wool produced by A. tsugae. Ball sampling was as effective as pole pruning at detecting infestations in individual trees. If A. tsugae abundance on branches was ⩾0.1 per 10 cm of twig length, as estimated by branch-tip sampling, ball sampling always detected wool in 10 or fewer samples. This technique has the potential to improve detectability of A. tsugae infestations because it can effectively access foliage that is typically inaccessible to other ground-based detection tools.

Type
Techniques – NOTE
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 148 , Issue 1 , February 2016 , pp. 118 - 121
Copyright
© 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Subject editor: Jon Sweeney

References

Adkins, J.K. and Rieske, L.K. 2013. Loss of a foundation species due to an exotic invader impacts terrestrial arthropod communities. Forest Ecology and Management, 295: 126–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, S. and Onken, B. 2006. Standardizing sampling for detection and monitoring of hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern hemlock forests. FHTET-2006-16. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.Google Scholar
Ellison, A.M., Bank, M.S., Clinton, B.D., Colburn, E.A., Elliott, K., Ford, C.R., et al. 2005. Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3: 479–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A.M. and Gregoire, T.E. 2007. The tree crown distribution of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hem., Adelgidae) from randomized branch sampling. Journal of Applied Entomology, 131: 26–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidgen, J.G., Legg, D.E., and Salom, S.M. 2013. A sequential sampling plan for counts of Adelges tsugae on individual eastern hemlock trees. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 37: 75–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidgen, J.G., Turgeon, J.J., Allison, J.D., and Humble, L.M. 2014. Alien, invasive hemlock woolly adelgid found in Ontario. Technical Note Number 114. Natural Resources Canada – Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Havill, N.P., Montgomery, M.E., Yu, G., Shiyake, S., and Caccone, A. 2006. Mitochondrial DNA from hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) suggests cryptic speciation and pinpoints the source of the introduction to eastern North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 195–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClure, M.S. 1991. Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis . Environmental Entomology, 20: 258–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North American Plant Protection Organization. 2014. Phytosanitary alert system [online]. Available from http://www.pestalert.org/opr_search.cfm [accessed 4 November 2014].Google Scholar
Orwig, D.A., Barker-Plotkin, A.A., Davidson, E.A., Lux, H., Savage, K.E., and Ellison, A.M. 2013. Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest [online]. PeerJ, 1: e41. Available from https://peerj.com/articles/41 [accessed 2 April 2015].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, A., Elkington, J., Hayhoe, K., and Buonaccorsi, J. 2008. Role of winter temperature and climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13: 541–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoetzel, M.B. 2002. History of the introduction of Adelges tsugae based on voucher specimens in the Smithsonian Institute National Collection of Insects. In Proceedings: hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States symposium, East Brunswick, New Jersey, 5–7 February. Edited by B. Onken, R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America. P. 12.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection 2015. Forest pest conditions, northeastern area, hemlock woolly adelgid 2009–2013 [online]. Available from http://foresthealth.fs.usda.gov/portal/Flex/FPC [accessed 29 January 2015].Google Scholar