Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T11:45:50.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Whose Amnesia? Literary Modernity in Multilingual South Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2015

Francesca Orsini*
Affiliation:
SOAS, University of London

Abstract

The debate over the impact of British colonialism and “colonial modernity” in India has hinged around questions of epistemic and aesthetic rupture. Whether in modern poetry, art, music, in practically every language and region intellectuals struggled with the artistic traditions they had inherited and condemned them as decadent and artificial. But this is only part of the story. If we widen the lens a little and consider print culture and orature more broadly, then vibrant regional print and performance cultures in a variety of Indian languages, and the publishing of earlier knowledge and aesthetic traditions belie the notion that English made India into a province of Europe, peripheral to London as the center of world literature. Yet nothing of this new fervor of journals, associations, literary debates, of new genres or theater and popular publishing, transpires in Anglo-Indian and English journals of the period, whose occlusion of the Indian-language stories produced ignorance, distaste, indifference—those “technologies of recognition” (Shu-Mei Shih) that produce “the West” as the agent of recognition and “the rest” as the object of recognition, in representation.

Type
Forum on Literary World Systems
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Vishwanathan, Gauri, Masks of Conquest: Literary Studies and British Rule in India (London: Faber, 1990)Google Scholar; Chandra, Sudhir, The Oppressive Present: Literature and Social Consciousness in Colonial India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar; Devy, Ganesh, After Amnesia: Tradition and Change in Indian Literary Criticism (London: Sangham, 1992)Google Scholar; Nandy, Ashis, The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar.

2 For Benares Sanskrit College see Dodson, Michael, Orientalism, Empire, and National Culture: India, 1770–1880 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Orsini, Francesca, The Hindi Public Sphere, 1920–1940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002)Google Scholar.

4 Pollock, Sheldon, “Introduction: Working Papers on Sanskrit Knowledge-Systems on the Eve of Colonialism,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 30 (2002): 431 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Metcalf, Barbara, ed., Moral Conduct and Authority: the Place of Adab in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984)Google Scholar; Farina Mir, “Urdu Akhlaq Literature in Nineteenth-Century India.” Unpublished paper, Simon Digby Memorial Conference, SOAS, London, June 9–11, 2014.

6 Pollock, Sheldon, “The Cosmopolitan Vernacular,” The Journal of Asian Studies 57.1 (1998): 637 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “India in the Vernacular Millennium: Literary Culture and Polity, 1000–1500,” Daedalus 127.3 (1998): 41–74; “Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in History,” Public Culture 12.3 (2000): 591–625; and The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).

7 See Pellò, Stefano, Ṭūṭiyān-i Hind: Specchi identitari e proiezioni cosmopolite indo-persiane (1680–1856) (Firenze: Società Editrice Fiorentina, 2012)Google Scholar; Ricci, Ronit, Islam Translated: Literature, conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Pollock, , “Cosmopolitan and Vernacular,” 593594 Google Scholar.

9 Orsini, Francesca, “How to Do Multilingual Literary History? Lessons from Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century North India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 49.2 (2012): 225246 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Schofield, Katherine Butler, “The Mughal Rasikas: Patrons—treatise writers—performers,” Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature, and Performance cultures in North India, eds. F. Orsini and K. Schofield (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2015)Google Scholar.

11 Molly E. Aitken, Allison Busch, and Katherine Schofield, “Modernity’s Challenge to India’s Aesthetic Traditions: Rajput Painting, Hindi Poetry and Hindustani Music.” Public lecture, King’s College London, October 23, 2014.

12 Weidman, Amanda, Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern: the Postcolonial Politics of Music in South India (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Soneji, Davesh, Unfinished Gestures: Devadāsīs, Memory, and Modernity in South India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Aitken, Molly E., The Intelligence of Tradition in Rajput Court Painting (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010)Google Scholar; and Busch, Allison, Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Naregal, Veena, Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere: Western India under Colonialism (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001), 296 Google Scholar.

14 Ghosh, Anindita, Power in Print: Popular Publishing and the Politics of Language and Culture in a Colonial Society, 1778–1905 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

15 Stark, Ulrike, An Empire of Books: the Naval Kishore Press and the Diffusion of the Printed Word in Colonial India (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2007)Google Scholar.

16 I owe this information to my PhD student Simon Leese, who is working on Arabic literature in nineteenth-century India.

17 Orsini, Francesca, Print and Pleasure: Popular Literature and Entertaining Fictions in Colonial North India (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2010)Google Scholar.

18 “Ourselves,” Indian Review, I.1 (1883): 4.

19 Webb, W. T., “Anglo-Indian Verse”. Indian Review, I.1 (1883): 16 Google Scholar.

20 “I see by this week P[all] M[all] Gazette that the worthy William Morris has been giving his opinion on the Hundred best books. Lord! Lord! What a Lying world it is. He has gravely stuck down the Mahabharata and I will wager everything I have that he hasn’t got the ghost of a conception what he means when he advises the study of that monstrous midden …. I see every now and then at home some man who hasn’t touched them lifting up his voice in praise of ‘the golden mines of Oriental Literature’ and I snort;” letter to Cornell Price, February 18–27, 1886 (in Pinney, Thomas, Kipling’s India: uncollected sketches 1884–88 [London: Macmillan, 1986], 175 Google Scholar).

21 Kipling, Rudyard, “The Epics of India,” Civil and Military Gazette, August 24, 1886 Google Scholar (cited in Pinney, Kipling’s India) 177–78.

22 Shih, Shu-Mei, “Global Literature and the Technologies of Recognition,” World Literature: A Reader eds. T. D’haen, C. Domínguex and M. Rosendahl Thomsen (London: Routledge, 2013), 260 Google Scholar.

23 Macy, John, The Story of World Literature (London, Bombay, Sidney: George Harap & Co, 1927), 43 Google Scholar. Japanese literature is “best interpreted by Lafcadio Hearn.”

24 “The multiplicity of stories so far” is Doreen Massey’s definition in For Space, 6e (London: Sage), 9.