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Antiquity at the musical margins: rebetika, ‘ancient’ and modern

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Stathis Gauntlett*
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne

Abstract

With their insalubrious social connotations, low-brow content and Ottoman musical features, rebetika songs appear unlikely candidates for connection with the revered culture of ancient Greece. Yet this seemingly sacrilegious nexus has repeatedly been contrived by exponents of the genre and by commentators, unlettered and educated alike. It has also exercised the ingenuity of literati, translators, stage directors and graphic artists. The examples surveyed in this article, whether earnest or whimsical, plausible or manifestly deluded, reflect both evolving perceptions of the genre and broader issues of Greek cultural politics. They further exemplify informal mechanisms for disseminating antiquarian knowledge – and misinformation.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2015

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References

1 Both extracts quoted here (complete with original ellipses) are from the English translation, Prudhomme, D., Rebetiko, trans. Mahony, N. (London 2012)Google Scholar. I am obliged to Peter Mackridge for alerting me to it, and to Dimitry Pa’fvanas, George Galiatsos, Loukia Gauntlett and Alicia L. Suárez for supplying me with several other publications cited in this article. An earlier version of it was read at the conference on ‘Re-imagining the Past: Antiquity and Modern Greek Culture’ at the University of Birmingham in June 2011.

2 The notable success of the novel in France, Spain, Holland, Germany and Italy, and its spectacular sales in Greece are reported in S. Yiannaras, ‘H λογοτεχνία παίρνει μορφή κόμικς’, Καθημερινή, 30 April 2011. It also won major prizes at festivals in Angoulême, St Malo and Monaco (Prudhomme, Rebetiko, 111)Google ScholarPubMed.

3 M. Vamvakaris, ‘O Μάρκος μαθητής’, 78 r.p.m. record, Odeon (Greece) catalogue no. GA-1887, matrix no. GO-2307 (1935).

4 Vamvakaris, M., Αιηοβιογραφία (Athens 1973) 45 Google Scholar f. Author’s translation, as with the English renderings of all the other Greek texts in this article, unless otherwise indicated.

5 Vamvakaris, Αιηοβιογραφία, 45. M. Vamvakaris, ‘Ηθελα να ‘μουν Ηρακλής’, 78 r.p.m. record, Parlophone (Greece) B-21898, GO-2643 (1936).

6 Georgiadis, N., O Μάρκος όπως τον γνώρισα. О Βαμβακάρης από то A ωςτο Ω (Athens 2006) 149 Google Scholar, 161.

7 S. Xarchakos, Μάρκος о Δάσκαλός μας, LP record, Columbia (Greece) GSX 26 (1969, re-issued as SCXG3251, 1972) side 1, track 6. Zabetas was a notorious prankster and would have needed little encouragement to buffoonery, but judging by the English sleeve-notes to the LP, the tenor of this performance seems to have been conceived by Xarchakos (‘with full veneration for the spirit of the “Master”’) and Zabetas was recruited to execute it.

8 Structurally this is one of several list-songs composed by Vamvakaris - cf. the lists of placenames in ‘Φραγκοσυριανή’, professions in ‘O Μάρκος πολυτεχνίτης’, film-stars in ‘Σαν μ’ αξιώσει о Θεός’ and fellow revellers in ‘Κάφ’ τονε, Σταύρο’. The modern list-songs of other traditions have been compared to Homer’s lists and catalogues (cf. Minchin, E., ‘The performance of lists and catalogues in the Homeric epics’, in Voice into Text: Orality and Literacy in Ancient Greece, ed. Worthington, I. [Leiden 1996] 320 Google Scholar), and it is surprising that enthusiasts for modern Greek parallels with Homer (cf. footnote 74 below) have not made more of Vamvakaris’ enumerations: a cursory mention of ‘los catálogos, frecuentísimos en el rembético’ is made by Rodríguez, J. J. Batista, ‘Algunas referencias del rembético a la tradición clásica’, Fortunate 16 (2005) 38 Google Scholar.

9 M. Vamvakaris, Ίσοβίτης’, 78 r.p.m. record, Columbia (Greece) DG-6148, CG-1281-2 (1935).

10 M. Vamvakaris, ‘Μπουζούκι γλέντι του ντουνυχ’, 78 r.p.m. record, Odeon (Greece) GA-7400, GO-3815 (1947).

11 A less satisfactory reading of the hemistich θα φτάσεις και στον Αρη would have the ancient god Ares as the bouzouki’s destination, rather than the planet Mars.

12 Vamvakaris, Αυτοβιογραψία, 217.

13 Vamvakaris, Αιηοβιογραφία, 217-34. Cf. Tsilimidis, M., Μάρκος Βαμβακάρης, о Άγιος Μάγκας. О Στέλιος Βαμβακάρης για τον πατέρα του (Athens 2005) 63-7Google Scholar.

14 E.g. ‘Ti να μας κάνουν στην Ελλάδα οι Μαντουβάλες’ in Vamvakaris, Αυτοβιογραψία, 327.

15 Y. Mitsakis, Άν ζούσαν οι αρχαίοι’. Both versions of the verses are online at http://www.stixoi.info/stixoi.php?info=Lyrics&act=details&song_id=3666 (accessed 26 May 2011).

16 V. Nousias, Με στόχο την καρδούλα σου. Νέα ρεμπέτικα, LP record, Athenaeum (Greece) 3025 (1989) side 1, track 1.

17 The verses are transcribed in full from an informal performance of 1971 in Gauntlett, S., Rebetika Carmina Graeciae Recentioris (Athens 1985) 294 Google Scholar.

18 The verses and Hondronakos’ account of their composition are published in Xexakis, M., ‘Ρεμπέτικα: Λάθη περιεχομένου και καταγωγή (Mux περίπτωση στη Θεσσαλονίκη)’, О Παρατηρητής 8 (October 1988) 104-6Google Scholar.

19 Alexiou, S., Βασίλης Τσιτσάνης. Ηπαιδική ηλικία ενός ξεχωριστού δημιουργού (Athens 1988) 35 Google Scholar f.

20 Tsitsanis, V., Έμπρός Παναθηναικέ’ in Άπαντα Τσιτσάνη, ed. Anastasiou, T. (Athens 2004) 308 Google Scholar.

21 Bucheld, U., ‘O Τσιτσάνης είνοα απόγονος του Πινδάρου!’ ΤαΝέα , 20 January 1993, quoted in Vlisidis, K., Γιαμια βιβλιογραφία του ρεμπέπκου (1873-2001) (Athens 2002) 32 Google Scholar (item 173).

22 Loukatos, D., ‘“Τα καβουράκια”: Ρεμπετικο τραγούδι με οασώπειο κλίμα’, Λαογραψία 34 (1985-6) 140-3Google Scholar.

23 In Petropoulos, E., Ρεμπέτικα τραγούδια, 2nd edn (Athens 1979) 258 Google Scholar f.

24 Petropoulos, E., Ρεμπέτικα τραγούδια, 2nd edn (Athens 1979) 259 Google Scholar.

25 S. Spanoudi, ‘Οι κόσμοι της λα’ίκής τέχνης: о Τσιτσάνης’, Та Νέα, 1 February 1951.

26 The complete text of the lecture is posted on Hadjidakis’ official website http://www.hadjidakis.gr/homeweb.htm (accessed 1 October 2013). The description of the audience was supplied by Sotiria Bellou in the autobiographical insert of 40 Χρόνια ΜπεΑΑου, LP record, Lyra (Greece) 3467-8 (1987).

27 Vamvakaris’ unaffected vocals are aptly compared with a costermonger’s coarse bawling (βαριά φωνή, μαναβίσια) in the novel based on his life, Skambardonis, Y., Όλαβαίνουν καλώςενανπονμας (Athens 2008) 86 Google Scholar.

28 The selection comprised ‘Φραγκοσυριανή’, Έγώ είμαι το θύμα σου’ (both composed by Vamvakaris), ‘Σταμάτησε, μανούλα μου, να δέρνεσαι για μένα’ (Bellou), ‘Πάμε τσάρκα στο Μπαξέ τσιφλίκι’ (Tsitsanis), ‘Άνοιξε γιατί δεν αντέχω’ (Papaioannou).

29 Έρμηνεία και θέση του ελληνικού λαΐκού τραγουδιού (ρεμπέτικου).’

30 Tachtsis, K., ‘Ρεμπέτικα 1964’ in H γιαγιά μου η Αθήνα και άλλα κείμενα (Athens 1980) 3545 Google Scholar.

31 Some of the texts from the backlash to Hadjidakis’ lecture are published in Vlisidis, K., Σπάνια κείμενα για το ρεμπέτικο (1929-1959) (Athens 2006) 139-64Google Scholar. Cf. Gauntlett, S., ‘Orpheus in the criminal underworld: Myth in and about rebetika’, Mandatoforos 34 (1991) 18 Google Scholarf.

32 This ‘singularly savage philippic against rebetika’ was comprehensively reported by P. Barlas, ‘Σταυρ-οφορία της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής κατά των “βαρβαρογενών ασμάτων’”, Αθηναϊκή, 13 July 1954, reproduced in K. Vlisidis, Σπάνια κείμενα για το ρεμπετικο, 202-6.

33 http://www.Physics.uch.gr/songs/frames/first.eng.html, cited in Horn, K., ‘Rebetika music in Melbourne, 1950-2000: Old songs in a new land - new songlines in an old land’, unpublished PhD thesis, School of Music, Monash University, 2002, p. 15 Google Scholar n. 9.

34 Vasilikos, V., ‘Οι ρεμπέτες’ in Οι ρεμπέτες και άλλες ιστορίες (Athens 1977) 24 Google Scholar f.

35 Christianopoulos, D., ‘Ίπποκλείδης’, in Όλοι οι ρεμπέτες του ντουνιά (Thessaloniki 1986) 9 Google Scholar f. The title of the collection is taken from the famous composition by Markos Vamvakaris, “Ολοι οι ρεμπέτες του ντουνιά’, 78 r.p.m. record, Parlophone (Greece) B-21915, GO-2711 (1937).

36 Christianopoulos, ‘Δημοσθένης’, in Όλοι οι ρεμπέτες του ντουνιά, 11 f.

37 Theodorakis, M., Star System (Athens 1984) 47 Google Scholar.

38 Papadiamantis is styled ‘θρησκευόμενος ρεμπετης’ (‘a pious rebetis’) in Kargakos, S., Ξαναδιαβάζοντας τη Φόνισσα. Mia νέα κοινωνική και πολιτική θεώρηση mv Παπαδιαμάντη (Athens 1987) 24 Google Scholar.

39 ‘To ‘πε о ρεμπέτης, о ροκάς о Παρμενίδης’ (‘Thus spoke the rebetis, the rocker Parmenides’) in the songtext ‘Καβάλα στα ηλεκτρόνια’ in Panousis, J., Τγιεινή διαστροφή (άλμπουν) [sic] (Athens 1996) 42 Google Scholar.

40 Thus Georgiadis casts Markos Vamvakaris first as a Heracles diverting the ‘river’ of Greek song, then as the monarch of that ‘lost Atlantis’ of pre-war Greek popular song, and finally as another Socrates (O Μάρκος отпас τον γνώρισα, 7,17, 61,162). Stelios Vamvakaris claims that his father Markos had the DNA of the god Pan, in M. Tsilimidis, Μάρκος Βαμβακάρης, о Άγιος Μάγκας, 205.

41 Such terms are sprinkled throughout the selection of newspaper articles appended to Hatzipantazis, T., Της ασιάτιδοςμούσης ερασταί (Athens 1986) 115-59Google Scholar. The application of such terms to folk and popular musicians in Greece is documented in Michael, D., ‘“Blind Rhapsodists”: The image of the modern Greek popular musician’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1998 Google Scholar.

42 Varnalis, K., Ηαληθινή απολογία του Σωκράτη (Athens 1931)Google Scholar.

43 Such expressions include ‘πάγαινα κόντρα με τα γούστα του λαού’, ‘να κ’ οι καραβοκυρεοι του Περαία’, ‘ξεμπερδεύω σήμερα με την μπαμπεσιά των νόμων’, Ό κοσμάκης πλερώνει τα σπασμένα’, Ό Ηρακλής εγίνηκε το κλωτσοσκούφι μιας γκόμενας’, ‘γενήκαμε στουπί στο μεθύσι κι είπαμε ένα σωρό καρίπικα τραγούδια’.

44 An anthology of ‘Scolia/Carmina convivialia’ is included in the Loeb edition Greek Lyric V, ed. Campbell, D.A. (London 1993) 270303 Google Scholar. Varnalis refers to ancient Greek drinking songs again in the novel To ημερολόγιο της Πηνελόπης (Athens 1947): after Odysseus’ departure for Troy, a riotous drinking party is organized at the palace by the servants, who proceed to smash all the plates to the accompaniment of Phemius’ songs of machismo until Penelope restores order.

45 Pikros, P., Ηεταίρα που κυβέρνησε την Ελλάδα (Athens 1930)Google Scholar. Examples of rebetika idiom abound in this novella too: e.g. ‘ξηγήθηκε σπαθί και μ’ασικιλίκι’, ‘του γέλασε μαριόλικα και με τσαχπίνικες ματιες’, ‘έφαγε κουρμπέτι στην Αθήνα η Ασπασία’. Pikros’ quasi-skolia occur in the guise of tavern songs of Miletus: e.g. ‘Στο δικό μας καπηλειό, μπρούσκο κι ανέρωτο κρασί / το πίνουν οι γέροι και γίνονται παληκαράκια.’

46 Quoted in K. Vlisidis, Γιαμια βιβλιογραψία τουρεμπέτικου 178 (item 1488). Cf. Pachtikos, G. A., 260 Δημώδη ελληνικά άσματα (Athens 1905)Google Scholar νε’: ‘Τοιαύτο σκόλια επιτραπέζια ή και γαμήλια άδονται και νυνέτι παρά τω ελληνικώ λαώ μετά συνωδίας μουσικών οργάνων, κυρίως δε τριχόρδου λύρας ή και εγχωρίου κιθόφοις (μπουζουκίου).’

47 Cf. Papadiamantis, A., ‘О ξεπεσμένος δερβίσης’ (1896), in Απάντα , III, ed. Triantafyllopoulos, N. D. (Athens 1989) 114 Google Scholar: ‘H μουσική εκείνη δεν ήτο τόσον βάρβαρος, όσον υποτίθεται ότι είναι τα ασιατικά φύλα. Είχε στενήν συγγένειαν με τας αρχαίας οφμονίας, τας φρυγιστί και λυδιστί.’

48 Manthoulis, R., ‘Scolia rebetika’, Chroniques Grecques (Paris 1991) 274–305 Google Scholar.

49 E.g. ‘Κάτι λόγια θέλω να σου πω/αλλά κωλύομαι Σαπφώ .. ./Σαπφώ, Σαπφώ.. ./Σου μιλάει о Αλκαίος/ ένας ποιητής οφχαίος .. ./Αυτά είπε στη Σαπφώ/και σώπασ’ о Αλκαίος/και πήρε το λόγο/η Σαπφώ βεβαίως: .. ./Άσε τις περιστροφές/κι έμπα αμέσως στο Θέμα./Αν είσαι κύριος/κι αισθηματίας νέος/μίλα μου σα ποιητης/και σα Μυτηληναίος.’

50 The full text is online at http://ermionh.blogspot.com/2009/06/blogpost_4737.html (accessed 6 May 2011).

51 M. Rodas, ‘To θέατρον: о “Πλούτος’”, Ελεύθερον Βήμα, 28 April 1936.

52 Reactions to the use of various kinds of anachronism in staging Aristophanes are chronicled and the related cultural politics are analysed in Van Steen, G. A. H., Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece (Princeton 2000)Google Scholar. As early as 1904, the composer Theophrastos Sakellarides was reproved for using the zeybekikos rhythm to render the ancient kordax in a production of Ecclesiazousae by the Athenian company Néa Σκηνή (cf. M. Seiragakis, ‘Rebetiko and Aristophanes’: http://www.hellenicmusiccentre.com/images/stories/books/ConferenceProceedingsAthens2011.pdf). In the post-war period, Koun’s former student Alexis Solomos was castigated by Vasos Varikas (Ta Néα, 13 July 1957) for using rebetika-inspired scores in his production of Lysistrata.

53 ‘Κόκκινη Μήδεια με... ρεμπέτικα’, Έθνος, 9 August 2008.

54 V. Angelikopoulos, Άπογοήτευσε η Μήδεια του Βασίλιεφ’, Καθημερινή, 19 August 2008; G. Sariyannis and P. Theodorakopoulos, ‘Μήδεια: H επόμενη μέρα. ‘Ταυρομαχίες” και εκτός αρένας’, Ta Νέα, 19 August 2008.

55 E.g. ‘The zeybekikos is a dance of Thrace, the land of Orpheus, that well known ... Turk’ ( Tsarouchis, Y., ‘Μικρό σχόλιο στον ζεϊμπέκικοΘέατρο 10 [July-August 1963] 79 Google Scholar). Tsarouchis subsequently claimed that the zeybekikos dance is ‘truly accessible only to those of the Greeks who have been initiated into Orphism’, in Tux το ζεΐμπέκικο’, Αγαθόν το εξομολογείσθαι (Athens 1986) 268-72Google Scholar.

56 Page numbers below refer to Liavas, L., Music in the Aegean (Athens 1987)Google Scholar.

57 West, M. L., Ancient Greek Music (Oxford 1992) 384 Google Scholar f. Similarly, Beaton, Roderick (‘Modes and roads: Factors of change and continuity in Greek musical traditionThe Annual of the British School at Athens 75 [1980] 11 CrossRefGoogle Scholar) concludes that ‘as with other aspects of Greek culture, simple notions of continuity and discontinuity are inadequate to describe the true state of affairs’. Regarding dance, Alkis Raptis contends (The World of Greek Dance [Athens 1987] 25 Google Scholar,37), ‘One could only argue in favour of choreographic continuity if it were demonstrated that the dances of ancient Greece included traits not found in those of other peoples and maintained in the dances of today. No such traits have been observed.’ Accordingly, he proceeds to reject what he sees as figments of the classicizing ‘imagination of intellectual doyens’.

58 Baud-Bovy, S., Αοκίμιο για то ελληνικό δημοτικό τραγούδι (Nafplion 1984) 70 Google Scholar f.

59 Kallimopoulou, E., Paradosiaka: Music, Meaning and Identity in Modem Greece (Farnham 2009)Google Scholar.

60 The somewhat incoherent text of Maniatis’ paper ‘To ρεμπέτικο κοα οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες λυρικοί ποιητές’, delivered to the conference on ‘Greek music, ancient, Byzantine and contemporary’ at the European Cultural Centre, Delphi 1986, was posted at http://www.athriskos.gr/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1278 (accessed 6 May 2011). Maniatis‘ other rebetika-related publications are summarized in Vlisidis, Γιαμιαβιβ-λιογραφία του ρεμηέηκου, 147ff. (items 1229-37).

61 Stathakopoulos, D., ‘Άρχαιοελληνική μουσική καιτο ουδέποτε “οσμανικόν” μπουζούκι’,Δαυλός 139 (July 1993) 8125-9Google Scholar. Cf. footnote 64 below.

62 Phaidros, G., Πραγματεία περί του σμυραϊκού μανέ, ή του παρ’ αρχαίοιςμανέρω, ως και περί ανευρέσεως τουΑιλίνου και ελληνικών ηθών και εθίμων διασωζομένων εισέτι παρά τω ελληνικώ λαώ (Smyrna 1881)Google Scholar. Phaidros further argued that Herodotus’ μανέρως was in turn derived from ‘Μανία Έρως (ήτοι καρά σεβντάς)’.

63 Vlisidis, Γιαμια βιβλιογραφία του ρεμπέτικου 160 (item 1333).

64 Papakonstantinou, G. L., ‘O ζεϊμπέκικος χορός: о Ζευ-Βακχ-ικός των παναρχαίων χρόνων’, Δαυλός 197 (May 1998) 12275-84Google Scholar.

65 Vamvakaris, Αυτοβιογραφία, 250.

66 Christofilakis, G., Μύθος Ρεμπέτικος: Μόφκος Βαμβακόρτις (Athens 1997) 31 Google Scholar f.

67 Previously published in German as Die alten Hellenen im neugriechischen Volksglauben (Munich 1967). Kakridis’ sources pre-date the widespread democratization of education and literacy in Greece, and his analysis takes no account of modern mass media, but his typology helps define Vamvakaris’ response to the ancients.

68 Georgiadis, О Μάρκος όπως rov γνώρισα, 13.

69 Georgiadis, O Μόφκος όπως rov γνώρισα, 63. M. Vamvakaris, ‘Φραγκοσυριανή’, 78 r.p.m. record, HMV (Greece) AO-2280, OGA-237 (1935).

70 Georgiadis, O Μάρκος όπως τον γνώρισα, 68.

71 Georgiadis, О Μάρκος (max; τον γνώρισα, 83.

72 Georgiadis, О Μάρκος όπως τον γνώρισα, 148 f.

73 Other rebetika contain more direct, albeit bizarre, responses to the physical remnants of antiquity: the Acropolis of Athens and the pillars of Olympian Zeus are invoked by Mouflouzelis (‘Της Ακρόπολης то βράχο’) as a metaphor for insensitive hardheartedness, while Keromytis (‘0 πρωτόμαγκας’ ) refers to the Parthenon as a model for the ‘beauty’ of the prison Παλιά Στρατώνα - cf. Petropoulos, Ρεμπέτικα τραγούδια, 75 and 120.

74 M. Xexakis, ‘Φραστικά συστήματα και σκόρτπΕς παρατηρήσεις στον Όμηρο, στο δημοτικό και στα ρεμπέτικα τραγούδια’, in Petropoulos, Ρεμπέτικα τραγούδια, 276-8. Tsouderos, I. E., Όμοια και παράλληλα φραστικά συστήματα στα ομηρικά έπη και στο νεοελληνικό δημοτικό τραγούδι (Athens 1976)Google Scholar. Other superficial parallels with ancient literature (including ‘[el] motivo clásico del παρακλαυσίθυρον о canto ante la puerta cerrada de la amada’, ‘ubisunt?’ and ‘carpe diem’) are noted in Batista Rodríguez, ‘Algunas referencias del rembético’, 36 f.

75 Lacarrière, J., Ερωτικό λεξικό της Ελλάδας (Athens 2003) 399 Google Scholar.

76 Cf. Batista Rodríguez, ‘Algunas referencias del rembético’, 32 ff.

77 K. Vergopoulos, ‘Μερικές θέσεις πάνω στο ρεμπέτικο τραγούδι’, in Petropoulos, Ρεμπέηκα τραγούδια, 269.

78 For a sample of the issues involved in the quest for the ancient antecedents of various types of Greek folksong, traditional prose-narratives and shadow theatre, see (respectively): Gauntlett, S., ‘Aptera Epe - The canon of modern Greek oral poetry’, in Worthington, I. (ed.), Voice Into Text: Orality & Literacy in Ancient Greece (Leiden 1996) 195203 Google Scholar; I. Th. Kakridis, Die alten Hellenen, 46-75; Hatzipantazis, T., H εισβολή του Καραγκιόζη στην Αθήνα του 1890 (Athens 1984) 1322 Google Scholar and Hatzakis, M., ‘Άρχαία τροτ/ωδία και θέατρο σκιών’, Εκκύκλημα 10 (January-March 1986) 2–4 Google Scholar.