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Access to Remedies and Reparations: From Brazilian Practice to International Binding Standards
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 May 2023
Extract
Brazil is a large exporter of commodities that supply global value chains. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2019 commodity exports entailed 8.4 per cent of Brazilian Gross Domestic Product.1 Although commodities exportation is important for the Brazilian economy, their production or extraction often causes human rights harms and environmental damages.
- Type
- Developments in the Field
- Information
- Business and Human Rights Journal , Volume 8 , Issue 2: Special Issue: Beyond human rights due diligence: What else do we need? , June 2023 , pp. 237 - 243
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
1 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ‘State of Commodity Dependence 2021’ (New York: UNCTAD, 2021), https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditccom2021d2_en.pdf (accessed 19 October 2022).
2 The total deforested public areas between 2011 and 2020 correspond to 18.27 million hectares.
3 IPAM Amazonia, ‘Amazônia em Chamas – desmatamento, fogo e pecuária em terras púbicas: nota técnica no. 8’ (Brasilia: IPAM Amazonia, 2021), http://amazonia--em-chamas-8-desmatamento-fogo-e-pecuaria-em-terras-publicas (accessed 19 October 2022).
4 Repórter Brasil – Organization of Communication and Social Projects, ‘Monitor #6 – Slave labor in the Brazilian cocoa’ (Sao Paulo: Repórter Brasil, 2020), https://reporterbrasil.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Monitor-6-Cacau-EN.pdf (accessed 19 October 2022).
5 ‘Brazil blames devastating oil spill on Greek-flagged tanker’, The Guardian (1 November 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/01/brazil-blames-oil-spill-greek-flagged-tanker-venezuelan-crude (accessed 13 January 2022).
6 Paulo G L Pena, ‘The crude oil spill on the Brazilian coast in 2019: the question of public health emergency’ (2020), Cad Saúde Pública 36, Thematic Section: Public Health Emergencies in Debate, https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/RdpV54PDWjxktvSjhJRCvTP/?format=pdf&lang=en (accessed 19 October 2022).
7 Daniela A Prata, ‘Corporate crime and environmental victimization: analysis of the Samarco Case’ (2020) in Manuel Espinoza de los Monteros de la Parra, Antonio Gullo and Francesco Mazzacuva (eds.), The Criminal Law Protection of Our Common Home, International Review of Penal Law, issue 1, 203–223.
8 ‘Vale dam disaster: $7bn compensation for disaster victims’, BBC (4 February 2021), https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55924743 (accessed 13 January 2022).
9 Generally speaking, ‘public civil action’ is the designation given to class actions by Brazilian law.
10 Public Civil Action Law 1985, art 5.
11 Ibid, art 1.
12 Antonio Gidi, ‘Class Actions in Brazil: A Model for Civil Law Countries’, in The University of Houston Law Series, Public Law and Legal Theory Series 2006-A-11, 311-408.
13 ‘TRT confirma condenação da M. Officer por trabalho escravo’, Veja (23 March 2018), https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/trt-confirma-condenacao-da-m-officer-por-trabalho-escravo/ (accessed 31 January 2022).
14 Bia Barbosa, ‘Justiça obriga Rede TV! a transmitir programas sobre direitos humanos’, Repórter Brasil (16 November 2005), https://reporterbrasil.org.br/2005/11/justica-obriga-rede-tv-a-transmitir-programas-sobre-direitos-humanos/ (accessed 31 January 2022).
15 Public Civil Action Law 1985, art 18.
16 This understanding is enunciated in the Precedent no. 618 of the Superior Court of Justice and was adopted in several cases, such as Special Appeals no. 883.656/RS, no. 972.902/RS and no. 1.060.753/SP.
17 For more details, see Gustavo Osna, ‘Solving Complex Problems: ‘Practicalism’ and ‘Structural Litigation’ (2020) 279 Administrative Law Review, Rio de Janeiro 251–277, https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rda/article/download/82013/78919/179831 (accessed 13 January 2023).
18 The Court’s jurisprudence has been built up mostly from the cases Hacienda Brasil Verde Workers v Brazil, Lagos del Campo v Peru, Escaleras Mejía v Honduras, Indigenous Communities of the Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Association v Argentina, Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v Suriname and Muelle Flores v Peru. For more details, see Andressa Oliveira Soares, ‘Aportes do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos para a Agenda Global de Direitos Humanos e Empresas’, Master’s Dissertation, https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/bitstream/ufjf/12441/3/andressaoliveirasoares.pdf (accessed 31 January 2023).
19 Case of the Workers of the Fireworks Factory in Santo Antônio de Jesus and their families v Brazil, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2020), paras 149–150, https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_407_ing.pdf (accessed 4 December 2022).
20 Case of the Workers of the Fireworks Factory in Santo Antônio de Jesus and their families v Brazil, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2020), https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_407_ing.pdf (accessed 4 December 2022).
21 In the Brazilian judicial system, out of court agreements can be considered as a hybrid remedy (neither judicial nor non-judicial strictly speaking), as they can be used both inside and outside court cases.
22 Bala Chambers, ‘Brazil urges WhatsApp to delay new tool ahead of national elections’, Anadolu Agency (30 July 2022), https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/brazil-urges-whatsapp-to-delay-new-tool-ahead-of-national-elections/2649014 (accessed 13 January 2023).
23 The work of the Federal Prosecution Service was profoundly assisted by civil society organizations, such as Greenpeace, which conducted its own three-year investigation on illegal cattle raising prior to the establishment of the ‘Beef Agreements’. cf. Daniel Brindis, ‘Slaughtering the Amazon’, Greenpeace (9 June 2009), https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/slaughtering-the-amazon/ (accessed 13 January 2023).
24 Alexei Barrionuevo, ‘Giants in Cattle Industry Agree to Help Fight Deforestation’, New York Times (6 October 2009), https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/world/americas/07deforest.html (accessed 4 December 2022).
25 ‘Curso capacita Justiça a garantir direitos humanos em casos que envolvam empresas’, CNJ (31 August 2022), https://www.cnj.jus.br/curso-capacita-justica-a-garantir-direitos-humanos-em-casos-que-envolvam-empresas/ (accessed 31 January 2023).
26 Draft Law no. 572 of 2022 (BRA), art 11, item XI, https://www.camara.leg.br/proposicoesWeb/prop_mostrarintegra?codteor=2148124&filename=PL%20572/2022 (accessed 31 January 2023).
27 Elaíze Farias, ‘A guerra do potássio em Autazes’, Amazônia Real (27 March 2022), https://amazoniareal.com.br/especiais/projeto-autazes/ (accessed 4 December 2022).
28 ‘Vale dam disaster: $7bn compensation for disaster victims’ BBC (4 February 2021), https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55924743 (accessed 4 December 2022).
29 Stephanie Vendruscolo, ‘Volkswagen assina acordo milionário de reparação por colaborar com ditadura e abre precedente histórico’, El País (24 September 2020), https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2020-09-24/volkswagen-assina-acordo-milionario-de-reparacao-por-colaborar-com-ditadura-e-abre-precedente-historico.html (accessed 4 December 2022).
30 ‘VW assina acordo e indenizará funcionários perseguidos na ditadura militar’, UOL (23 September 2020), https://www.uol.com.br/carros/noticias/redacao/2020/09/23/vw-assina-acordo-e-indenizara-funcionarios-perseguidos-na-ditadura-militar.htm (accessed 4 December 2022).
31 Ana Cristina Rosa, ‘Acordo histórico institui Plano Antirracista do Carrefour para o Brasil’, Folha de S. Paulo (13 June 2021), https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/ana-cristina-rosa/2021/06/acordo-historico-institui-plano-antirracista-do-carrefour-para-o-brasil.shtml (accessed 4 December 2022).