^{page 491 note 1} Strabo, , Geoyraphica, xvi, 1, 25, p. 747,Google Scholar and xvi, 2, 5, p. 750, which is copied by Byzantinus, Stephanus, Ethnica (ed. Meineke, ), vol. i, p. 211.Google Scholar

^{page 492 note 1} In Kurd ibn Mard it is clear that Kurd is a fictitious eponymous hero, but the supposed descent from Mard may be due to a recollection of some connexion with the ancient Mardi (see vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 200 of this Bulletin).

^{page 492 note 2} The Arabic word for “drove forth” here used is karrada, from the rootkard; the story, which is due to the similarity of sound between Kurd and kard, is merely an example of popular etymology.

^{page 492 note 3} Mas'ûdi, , Murûj-udh-Dhahab (ed. Meynard, de and Courteille, de), vol. iii, ch. xlvi, pp. 249–53.Google Scholar The same author elsewhere gives several variants, claiming that the founder of the Kurdish race was Kurd ibn Isfandiyâdh ibn Manûshahr or Kurd ibn Mard ibn Ṣaʻṣaʻah ibn Harb ibn Hawâzin, or that they are the issue of Sabîʻ ibn Hawâzin or of Bakr ibn Hawâzin, while others believed that their first parent was called Rabî' or Bakr ibn Wâ'il (Al-Tanbîh wa-'l-Ashrâf, ed. Goeje, de, in Bibliotheca Geoyraphorum Arabicorum, vol. viii, pp. 88–91).Google Scholar

Ibn Khallikân mentions two variant forms of the legend, according to one of which the ancestor of the Kurds was a king of Yaman named ʻAmr-ul-Muzaikîyah who migrated into Persia and according to the other Kurd ibn 'Amr ibn Âmir (Wafayāt-ul-A'yûn, ed. Slane, de, vol. iii, pp. 514–15).Google Scholar

The story of the serpents, allegorized into tumours, is repeated in Al-Ansârî (Nukhbat-u, ed. Charmoy, p. 19), and that deriving the Kurds from 'Amr king of Yaman in the Qâmûs (vol. i, p. 682).Google Scholar

^{page 493 note 1} Abu-ʼl-Fidâ, At-Tawârîkh-ul-Qadîmah (ed. Fleischer), vol. iv, p. 145.

^{page 493 note 2} Batutâ, Ibn, Voyages (ed. Defrémery, and Sanguinette, ), vol. ii, pp. 22–3.Google Scholar

^{page 493 note 3} Abu-ʼl-Faraj, At-Târîkh fi-ʼl-Kâmil (ed. Tornberg), vol. i, p. 70.

^{page 493 note 4} Abu-ʼl-Faraj, Târîkh-ud-Duwal (ed. Pococke), p. 564. This error is probably caused by the presence of a large Kurdish element in the population of Luristân (Qâmûs, loc. cit.), where it is said that the Kurds were the dominant element at the time of its invasion by the Shāh 'Abbâs I in A.D. 1606. The Lurs are now thought to be aboriginal Persians with an admixture of Semitic blood in their veins; their language is a dialect of Persian and does not differ materially from Kurdish, which is also a patois of Persian.

^{page 493 note 5} See Haitun, (Becueil des Hislorieas des Croisades, Documents Arméniens), vol. ii, pp. 225, 343–4.Google Scholar The same writer seems to imply in several passages that Media was the proper home of the Kurds (ibid., pp. 127, 267).

^{page 494 note 1} See Hirt, , Die Indogermanen, vol. i, pp. 99–113,Google Scholar from whom this table is copied. See also Soane, E. B., “Notes on the Phonology of Southern Kurmanji” in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1922, pp. 191–226, and the opinions of Justi, Darmesteter, and Socin there cited.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 2} Réclus, , Nouvelle Géographie, p. 342.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 3} Quatremè;re, , Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits dans la Bibliothèque du Roi (Paris), vol. xiii, pp. 305 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 4} Encyclopmdia Britannica, Caucasia, vol. v, p. 548, and Russia, vol. xxiii, p. 874.Google Scholar

^{page 494 note 5} Ibid., Persia, vol. xxi, p. 199.

^{page 494 note 6} Ibid., Turkey, vol. xxvii, p. 427.

^{page 495 note 1} See Armenia and Kurdistân (No. 62 of the “Handbooks prepared under the direction of the Foreign Office”), p. 7.

^{page 495 note 2} See Mesopotamia (No. 63 of the “Handbooks prepared under the direction of the Foreign Office”), p. 8.

^{page 495 note 3} Al-Ansârî, Nukhbat-uḍ-Ḍahr (ed. Charmoy), p. 19.

^{page 495 note 4} The technical names for the tribes and their subdivisions are the following: aʻshîrah, large tribe ; qabîlah;, moderate-sized tribe ; ṭâ'ifah, clan ; khânah, ‘tent’ or family living i a fixed residence ; ahl châdîrî, or ahi khaimah, tent-dwellers; kûchar, nomads; akinjî, settled labourer. The terminations -ân, -î, -ânî, -lî, or -lū are usually attached to the tribal names (Jaba, Recueil de notices et Récits Kourdes).

^{page 496 note 1} For the results of compelling nomads to lead a sedentary life see SirSykes, M., The Last Heritage of the Caliphs, pp. 403 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 497 note 1} Quoted from Noel, , “The Character of the Kurds as illustrated by their Proverbs and Popular Sayings,” in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, vol. i, pt. iv, pp. 79–90.Google Scholar

^{page 497 note 2} It is said that many of the Kurds in Armenia practise mutilation or disfigurement of the head with a view to emphasizing their distinction from the surrounding peoples (Encyclopaedia Britannica, under Mutilation, vol. xix, p. 100), but the present writer has been unable to find any confirmation of this statementGoogle Scholar

^{page 498 note 1} Causa Cansarum, written in the eleventh or twelfth century (ed. Kayser, ), p. 676 ( = Syr. 150, Germ. 194).Google Scholar

^{page 498 note 2} Al-Yâqûbî, , Al-Buldân, in Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum (ed. de Goeje, ), vol. vii, p. 236.Google Scholar

^{page 498 note 3} Masʻûdî, Murûj-udh-Dhahab, vol. viii, ch. 122, p. 90.

^{page 498 note 4} Jubair, Ibn, Rihalah (ed. Goeje, de), p. 240 (= 141).Google Scholar

^{page 498 note 5} At-Tanûkhî, An-Nishwâr (ed. Margoliouth), p. 190.

^{page 498 note 6} Al-Hamadânî, , Epistles (ed. Bairut, ), p. 172.Google Scholar

^{page 498 note 7} Polo, Marco, Travels (ed. Yule, ), vol. i, p. 62.Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 1} Miskawaih, Ibn, Tajârib-ul-Umam (ed. Margoliouth, ), vol. ii, p. 140.Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 2} Ibn-ul-Athîr, op. cit., vol. ix, p. 263.

^{page 499 note 3} At-Tabarî, , Annals (ed. Nöldeke, ), p. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 4} Ibid., p. 279.

^{page 499 note 5} Freytag, , Arabnm Proverbia, vol. iii, p. 398.Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 6} See the Syriac Life of Mār Yabhalāhâ (ed. Bedjan), ch. xviii, pp. 186–7, and ch. xix, p. 201, for their employment as hired infantry.

^{page 499 note 7} Suidas, , Lexicon (ed. Gaisford, ), vol. ii, p. 1979.Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 8} Haitun praises the skill of the Kurds round Mardin as archers (Documents Arméniens, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 131–2).Google Scholar

^{page 499 note 9} SirSykes, M., The Last Days of the Caliphate, pp. 420–1.Google Scholar

^{page 501 note 1} On the natural and commercial products of Kurdistân see the present writer's article in the Asiatic Meview, vol. xvii, No. 52, pp. 695–700.Google Scholar

^{page 502 note 1} Noel, loc. cit.

^{page 503 note 1} Noel, loc. cit.

^{page 503 note 2} Xenophon, , Anabasis, V, v, 17.Google Scholar

^{page 503 note 3} Gibbon, , The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. lix.Google Scholar

^{page 503 note 4} Noel, op. cit. For the character of the modern Kurds see also Sykes, The Last Heritage of the Caliphs, Rich, Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and Millingen, Wild Life among the Kurds.

^{page 504 note 1} Rich, , op. cit. (1836).Google Scholar Amongst his books in the British Museum, it should be added, is a still unpublished Târî-î kh-ul-Akrâd which he obtained in Kurdistân.

^{page 505 note 1} A noteworthy peculiarity of the Kurd is his tendency to clip words; e.g., Mammū for Maḥmûd, Shamsdînân for Shams-ud-Dînân.

^{page 505 note 2} See E. B. Soane, Kermanji Grammar, Yosef Pasha, Dictionnaire Knrde-Arabe (Stambul), and Schindler, , Beiträge zum Kurdischen Wortschatze in the Zeitschrift der Deulschen Morgenländischen Geseltechaft, vol. xlii, pp. 73–9, for works dealing with the language.Google Scholar

^{page 505 note 3} See O. Alana, Kurdisch-Persische Forschungen: Ergebnisse einer von 1901 bis 1903 in Persien ausgeführten Forschnngsreise, of which the first part deals with the Muqrî dialect.

^{page 506 note 1} Soane, , “A short Anthology of Guran Poetry,” in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1921, pp. 57–81.Google Scholar

^{page 506 note 2} Ibn Khallikân, Wafayât-ul-Aʻyân (ed. de Slane), iii, p. 229.

^{page 506 note 3} Id. ib., iii, pp. 181–2.

^{page 506 note 4} Id. ib., i, pp. 272–3.

^{page 506 note 5} Id. ib., iii, pp. 101–2.

^{page 506 note 6} Id. ib., i, p. 197. Similarly, Az-Zâhir, lord of Aleppo, maintained a famous Egyptian historian named Jamâl-ud Dân ibn-ul-Quftî in his service (Abu-'l-Faraj, p. 521).

^{page 506 note 7} Id. ib., ii, pp. 188–90. After studying at Mausil he migrated to Jerusalem and taught in the Madrasat-uṣ-Ṣâlihîyah; in A.p. 1209 he moved to Damascus, where lie taught as a Shâfiʻ professor, and in a.d. 1243 became head of the madrasat-ul-Ashrafîyah, founded by Sitt-ush-Shâm, the sister of Saladin (Abu-ʼl-Fidâ, , Annals, ed. Reise, . vol. iv, pp. 466, 481;Google ScholarBrockelmann, , op. cit., vol. i, pp. 358–60).Google Scholar

^{page 506 note 8} Ibn Khallikân, ii, pp. 430–1; Ibn-ul-Athîr, Kâmil, xii, p. 27; Abu-'l-Fidâ, iv, p. 103. The Kurds seem about this period to have been enthusiastic over the science of canon-law, for Abū Shâmah records a dispute at Mauṣil between the Arab and Kurdish parties which became so violent that Nûr-ud-Dîn had to summon the disputants to Aleppo and settle it by putting in the hands of each side a school in which they could expound their own peculiar doctrines (Kitâb-ur-Rûdatain, in the Recueil, vol. iv, p. 28).Google Scholar

^{page 507 note 1} On the writings of Abu-ʻl-Fidā, see Brockelmann's, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur, vol. ii, pp. 44–6.Google Scholar His history is called the Mukhtaṣar Târîkh-il-bashar and his geography the Taqwîn-ul-Buldân.

^{page 507 note 2} See Brockelmann, , op. cit., vol. ii, p. 233.Google Scholar

^{page 508 note 1} Jaba, Recueil de Notices et Récits Kourdes.

^{page 508 note 2} See, for example, Prymn and Socin, Kurdische Sammlungen.