No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The Middle Mongol zodiac in Georgian transcription
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents linguistic and philological analyses of glossed medieval Georgian transcriptions of the Middle Mongol zodiac terms in the fourteenth-century anonymous ასწლოვანი მატიანე Asc'lovani Mat'iane (Chronicle of One Hundred Years), revealing unique details on Middle Mongol as attested in medieval Georgia. This is the first instalment of the authors’ joint research on this vastly important, largely untapped contemporaneous Georgian source on medieval Mongol language, culture and history.
Keywords
- Type
- Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of SOAS University of London
Footnotes
A preliminary version of this paper, based only on Vladimircov's 1917 Cyrillic transcriptions, was presented by Andrew Shimunek at the symposium La Kartvelologia presso “L'Orientale”: Giornata di studi dedicata a Shalva Beridze (1892–1970), organized by Gaga Shurgaia, on 4 December 2019, at the University of Naples L'Orientale. That paper has been fundamentally revised and improved based on Gaga Shurgaia's examination of the most recent critical edition of the Chronicle and its earliest manuscripts. We wish to thank 斎藤純男 Yoshio Saitô, András Róna-Tas and Éva Csáki for kindly providing copies of their publications and Michele Bernardini for advice on Arabic transliteration. Any errors in our paper are solely our responsibility. For the transliteration of Georgian, we follow the Trubeckoj-Vogt system (Vogt 1971), adopted by the Revue des études géorgiennes et caucasiennes (see RÉGC 1, 1985, 3–4). The same system is applied to the surnames of Georgian scholars in bibliographic references, while in the main text they are transcribed according to the system codified in 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia. For the transliteration of Russian, we employ the scientific transliteration of Cyrillic. Kitan text is given in Andrew West's freeware Babelstone fonts.
References
Primary sources
Žamtaaγmc'ereli [14th c.], Revaz K'ik’naʒe (ed.). 1987. ასწლოვანი მატიანე Asc'lovani mat'iane [Chronicle of One Hundred Years], ტექსტი გამოსაცემად მოამზადა, გამოკვლევა, შენიშვნები და ლექსიკონი დაურთო რ. კიკნაძემ t'ekst’i gamosacemad moamzada, gamok'vleva, šenišvnebi da leksik'oni daurto R. K'ik’naʒem [text prepared for print, introduction, commentary and dictionary by R. K'ik’naʒe]. (საქართველოს ისტორიის წყაროები Sakartvelos ist'oriis c'q’aroebi [Sources on the History of Georgia], 48; ქართული საისტორიო მწერლობის ძეგლები Kartuli saist'orio mc'erlobis ʒeglebi [Monuments of Georgian Literature], 6). Tbilisi: Mecniereba.Google Scholar
Blake, Robert P., Frye, Richard N. and Cleaves, Francis Woodman (trans.). 1954. History of the Nation of the Archers (The Mongols) by Grigor of Akancʻ. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Golden, Peter B. 2000. The King’s Dictionary: The Rasulid Hexaglot: Fourteenth Century Vocabularies in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Greek, Armenian and Mongol. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Gül, B. 2016. Moğolca İbni Mühennâ Lügati Kitâb Hilyetü’l-İnsan ve Helbetü’l-Lisân [The Mongol Glossary Kitāb Ḥilyat al-Insān wa Ḥalbat al-Lisān by Ibn al-Muhannā]. (Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Dil Araştırmaları 10.) Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü.Google Scholar
Kuribayashi, Hitoshi 栗林均. 2003. 「華夷訳語」(甲種本) モンゴル語全単語・語尾索引 Ka-i yakugo (kōshubon) Mongorugo zen tango, gobi sakuin. Sendai: Tōhoku Daigaku Tōhoku Ajia Kenkyū Sentā.Google Scholar
Kuribayashi, Hitoshi 栗林均. 2009. 「元朝秘史」モンゴル語漢字音訳・傍訳漢語対照語彙 Genchō hishi mongorugo kanji on'yaku, bōyaku kango taishō goi. Sendai: Tōhoku Daigaku Tōhoku Ajia Kenkyū Sentā.Google Scholar
Ligeti, Louis and Kara, György. 2012. “Vocabulaires mongols des polyglottes de Yemen”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 65/2, 137–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ligeti, Louis. 1965. “Le lexique mongol de Kirakos de Ganzak”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 18, 241–97.Google Scholar
Ligeti, Louis. 1962. “Un vocabulaire mongol d'Istanboul”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 14, 1–99.Google Scholar
Poppe = Поппе, Н.Н. 1938. Монгольский словарь Мукаддимат ал-Адаб [Dictionary of Mongolian by Abū ’l-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamaḫšarī]. Часть [Parts] I–II. (Труды Института Востоковедения [Proceedings of the Institute of Oriental Studies], 14. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk.Google Scholar
Poppe, N. 1928. Das mongolische Sprachmaterial einer Leidener Handschrift. Известия Академии наук СССР, 1, 55–80.Google Scholar
Saitô, Yoshio. 2006. The Mongolian Words in Kitâb Majmû‘ Turjumân Turkî wa-‘ajamî wa-Muğalî: Text and Index. Kyoto: Shoukadoh.Google Scholar
Šat'berdis k'rebuli 1979 = შატბერდის კრებული X საუკუნისა Šat'berdis k'rebuli X sauk'unisa [Šat'berdi Homiliarium from the tenth century], გამოსაცემად მოამზადეს ბ. გიგინეიშვილმა და ელ. გიუნაშვილმა gamosacemad moamzades B. Gigineišvilma da El. Giunašvilma [edited by B. Gigineišvili and El. Giunašvili]. (ძველი ქართული მწერლობის ძეგლები Ʒveli kartuli mc'erlobis ʒeglebi [Monuments of Georgian Literature], 1). Tbilisi: Mecniereba.Google Scholar
Tumurtogoo, D. 2006. Mongolian Monuments in Uighur–Mongolian Script (XIII–XVI Centuries). Introduction, Transcription and Bibliography. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Vladimirtsov = Владимирцов, Б. Я. 1917. “Анонимный грузинскій историкъ XIV вҍка о монгольскомъ языкҍ [An anonymous fourteenth-century Georgian historian on the Mongolian language]”, Извҍстія Россійской Академіи Наукъ = Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie, pp. 1487–1501.Google Scholar
Aisin Gioro Ulhicun 愛新覺羅 烏拉熙春. 2004. 契丹語言文字研究 Qidan yuyan wenzi yanjiu [A Study of the Kitan Language and Scripts]. Kyoto: Tōa rekishi bunka kenkyūkai.Google Scholar
Axvlediani, Giorgi. 1956. ზოგადი ფონეტიკის შესავალი Zogadi ponet'ik’is šesavali [Introduction to General Phonetics]. (ზოგადი ენათმეცნიერების კათედრის შრომები Zogadi enatmecnierebis k'atedris šromebi [Proceedings of the Department of General Linguistics]). Tbilisi: St'alinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmc'ipo universit'etis gamomcemloba.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Christopher I. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Larry. 1973. “The Turkic and Mongol words in William of Rubruck's Journey (1253–1255)”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 93/2, 181–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clauson, Gerard. 1972. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Csáki, Éva. 2006. Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages. (Turcologica, Band 67.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1963. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Band I: mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1965. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Band II: türkischen Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1967. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Band III: türkischen Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Gamkrelidze, Thomas. 1990. წერის ანბანური სისტემა და ძველი ქართული დამწერლობა, ანბანური წერის ტიპოლოგია და წარმომავლობა C'eris anbanuri sist'ema da ʒveli kartuli damc'erloba, Anbanuri c'eris t'ip’ologia da c'armomavloba [=] Alphabetic Writing and the Old Georgian Script: A Typology and Provenience of Alphabetic Writing Systems, with a preface by A. Shanidze. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Djavakhishvili State University.Google Scholar
Gegechkori, Arnold M. 2010. ვეფხისტყაოსანი ბიოგეოგრაფის თვალით Vepxist'q’aosani biogeograpis tvalit [=] The Knight in the Panther's Skin from Biogeographer's Point of View. Tbilisi: Meridiani Publishers.Google Scholar
Gruntov = Грунтов, И. 2005. “Развитие прамонгольского гортанного спиранта *h- в начальной позиции в языке памятника монгольского языка XV века словаря «Мукаддимат ал-адаб» [=] Development of the Pre-Mongol laryngeal spirant *h- in initial position in the language of the 15th-century Mongolian dictionary Muqaddimat al-Adab by Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamaḫšarī”, in A. Dybo and G. Starostin (eds), Аспекты компаративистики = Aspects of Comparative Linguistics. Выпуск [Issue] 1. (Orientalia et Classica, 6). Moskva: Izdatel'stvo RGGU, 2005, 39–48.Google Scholar
Kara, György. 2001. “Late Mediaeval Turkic elements in Mongolian”, in Bazin, Louis and Zieme, Peter (eds), De Dunhuang à Istanbul: Hommage à James Russell Hamilton. (Silk Road Studies, 5.) Turnhout: Brepols, 73–119.Google Scholar
Kara, György. 2009. Dictionary of Sonom Gara's Erdeni-yin Sang: A Middle Mongol Version of the Tibetan Sa skya Legs bshad. Mongol–English–Tibetan. (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 23.) Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kara, György, translated by Krueger, John R.. 2005. Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Kara, György. 1987. “On the Khitan writing systems”, Mongolian Studies, The Mongolia Society, Vol. 10, 12–24.Google Scholar
K'ek’eliʒe, K'orneli. 1945. ეტიუდები ძველი ქართული ლიტერატურის ისტორიიდან Et'iudebi ʒveli kartuli lit'erat’uris ist'oriidan [Essays on the History of Ancient Georgian Literature], 2. Tbilisi: St'alinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmc'ipo universit'etis gamomcemloba.Google Scholar
Kiyose, Gisaburo N. and Beckwith, Christopher I.. 2008. “The origin of the Old Japanese twelve animal cycle”, Arutaigo Kenkyū アルタイ語研究 – Altaistic Studies 2, 1–18.Google Scholar
Kuribayashi, Hitoshi 栗林均. 2017. Integrated Dictionary of Written Oirat. Sendai: Tohoku University Center for Northeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Ligeti, Lajos. 1986. A Magyar nyelv török kapcsolatai a honfoglalás előtt és az Árpád-korban [The Turkic Relations of the Hungarian Language Before the Conquest and During the Árpád Era]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Liu, Fengzhu 劉鳳翥. 1998. 契丹大字六十年之研究 “Qidan dazi liushi nian zhi yanjiu” [Sixty years of research on the Kitan Large Script]. 中國文化研究所學報 Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo xuebao [Journal of Chinese Studies] 7, 313–38. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Nark'vevebi 1979 = საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები რვა ტომად Sakartvelos ist'oriis nark'vevebi rva t'omad [Research on the History of Georgia], 3, საქართველო XI–XV საუკუნეებში Sakartvelo XI–XV sauk'uneebši [Georgia in the 11th–15th Centuries]. Tbilisi: Sabč’ota Sakartvelo.Google Scholar
Pelliot, Paul. 1959. Notes on Marco Polo. I. Ouvrage posthume publié sous les auspices de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belle-Lettres et avec le concours du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, Librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
Q'auxčišvili 1959 = ქართლის ცხოვრება Kartlis cxovreba [The Life of Kartli], 2, ტექსტი დადგენილი ყველა ძირითადი ხელნაწერის მიხედვით ს. ყაუხჩიშვილის მიერ t'ekst’i dadgenili q'vela ʒiritadi xelnac'eris mixedvit S. Q'auxčišvilis mier [text established according to all principal manuscripts by S. Q'auxčišvili]. Tbilisi: Saxelgami, 1959.Google Scholar
Róna-Tas, András and Berta, Árpád. 2011. West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian, 2 Parts. (Turcologica, Band 84.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Róna-Tas, András. 1976. “A Volga Bulgarian inscription from 1307”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 30/2, 153–86.Google Scholar
Róna-Tas, András. 1974. “Tocharische Elemente in den altaischen Sprachen?”, in Hazai, Georg and Zieme, Peter (eds), Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der altaischen Völker: Protokolband der XII Tagung der P.I.A.C. 1969 in Berlin. (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für alte Geschichte und Archäologie. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des alten Orients, 5.) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 499–504.Google Scholar
Rybatzki, Volker. 2003. “Intra-Mongolic taxonomy”, in Janhunen, Juha (ed.), The Mongolic Languages. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Saitô, Yoshio. 2011. “The consonant system of West Middle Mongol”, 알타이학보 Altai Hakpo, 21, 51–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saitô, Yoshio 斎藤 純男. 2003. 中期モンゴル語の文字と音声 Chūki mongorugo no moji to onsei [Medieval Mongol Writing and Phonetics]. Kyoto: Syokado.Google Scholar
Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab. 1984. ქართული სალიტერატურო ენის ისტორიის შესავალი Kartuli salit'erat’uro enis ist'oriis šesavali [Introduction to the History of the Georgian Literary Language]. Tbilisi: Ganatleba.Google Scholar
Shimunek, Andrew. 2017. Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: A Historical–Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. (Tunguso-Sibirica, Band 40.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shurgaia, Gaga and Shimunek, Andrew. Forthcoming. “The 14th-century Georgian literary source on Middle Mongol”, 36 pp. in ms.Google Scholar
Sinor, Denis. 1970. “Mongol and Turkic words in the Latin versions of John of Plano Carpini's Journey to the Mongols (1245–1247)”, in Ligeti, Louis (ed.), Mongolian Studies. Budapest, pp. 537–51.Google Scholar
Thackston, Wheeler M. (trans.), Rashiduddin Fazlullah [Rašīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh]. 2012. Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties, Volume III. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Wilkens, Jens. 2021. Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen: Altuigurisch–Deutsch–Türkisch / Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü: Eski Uygurca–Almanca–Türkçe. (Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen.) Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen. <https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-481-9>.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ǯavaxišvili 1917 = Кн. И. А. Джавахов. 1917. “Объ одномъ анонимномъ грузинскомъ историкҍ XIV вҍка [On an anonymous 14th century Georgian historian]”. Извҍстія Россійской Академіи Наукъ = Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie, 1483–86.Google Scholar
Ǯavaxišvili 1977 = Ǯavaxišvili, Ivane. 1977. თხზულებანი თორმეტ ტომად Txzulebani tormet’ t'omad [Opera omnia], 8. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.Google Scholar
Aisin Gioro Ulhicun 愛新覺羅 烏拉熙春. 2004. 契丹語言文字研究 Qidan yuyan wenzi yanjiu [A Study of the Kitan Language and Scripts]. Kyoto: Tōa rekishi bunka kenkyūkai.Google Scholar
Axvlediani, Giorgi. 1956. ზოგადი ფონეტიკის შესავალი Zogadi ponet'ik’is šesavali [Introduction to General Phonetics]. (ზოგადი ენათმეცნიერების კათედრის შრომები Zogadi enatmecnierebis k'atedris šromebi [Proceedings of the Department of General Linguistics]). Tbilisi: St'alinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmc'ipo universit'etis gamomcemloba.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Christopher I. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Larry. 1973. “The Turkic and Mongol words in William of Rubruck's Journey (1253–1255)”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 93/2, 181–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clauson, Gerard. 1972. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Csáki, Éva. 2006. Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages. (Turcologica, Band 67.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1963. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Band I: mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1965. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Band II: türkischen Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1967. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung älterer neupersischer Geschichtsquellen, vor allem der Mongolen- und Timuridenzeit. Band III: türkischen Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Gamkrelidze, Thomas. 1990. წერის ანბანური სისტემა და ძველი ქართული დამწერლობა, ანბანური წერის ტიპოლოგია და წარმომავლობა C'eris anbanuri sist'ema da ʒveli kartuli damc'erloba, Anbanuri c'eris t'ip’ologia da c'armomavloba [=] Alphabetic Writing and the Old Georgian Script: A Typology and Provenience of Alphabetic Writing Systems, with a preface by A. Shanidze. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Djavakhishvili State University.Google Scholar
Gegechkori, Arnold M. 2010. ვეფხისტყაოსანი ბიოგეოგრაფის თვალით Vepxist'q’aosani biogeograpis tvalit [=] The Knight in the Panther's Skin from Biogeographer's Point of View. Tbilisi: Meridiani Publishers.Google Scholar
Gruntov = Грунтов, И. 2005. “Развитие прамонгольского гортанного спиранта *h- в начальной позиции в языке памятника монгольского языка XV века словаря «Мукаддимат ал-адаб» [=] Development of the Pre-Mongol laryngeal spirant *h- in initial position in the language of the 15th-century Mongolian dictionary Muqaddimat al-Adab by Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamaḫšarī”, in A. Dybo and G. Starostin (eds), Аспекты компаративистики = Aspects of Comparative Linguistics. Выпуск [Issue] 1. (Orientalia et Classica, 6). Moskva: Izdatel'stvo RGGU, 2005, 39–48.Google Scholar
Kara, György. 2001. “Late Mediaeval Turkic elements in Mongolian”, in Bazin, Louis and Zieme, Peter (eds), De Dunhuang à Istanbul: Hommage à James Russell Hamilton. (Silk Road Studies, 5.) Turnhout: Brepols, 73–119.Google Scholar
Kara, György. 2009. Dictionary of Sonom Gara's Erdeni-yin Sang: A Middle Mongol Version of the Tibetan Sa skya Legs bshad. Mongol–English–Tibetan. (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 23.) Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kara, György, translated by Krueger, John R.. 2005. Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Kara, György. 1987. “On the Khitan writing systems”, Mongolian Studies, The Mongolia Society, Vol. 10, 12–24.Google Scholar
K'ek’eliʒe, K'orneli. 1945. ეტიუდები ძველი ქართული ლიტერატურის ისტორიიდან Et'iudebi ʒveli kartuli lit'erat’uris ist'oriidan [Essays on the History of Ancient Georgian Literature], 2. Tbilisi: St'alinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmc'ipo universit'etis gamomcemloba.Google Scholar
Kiyose, Gisaburo N. and Beckwith, Christopher I.. 2008. “The origin of the Old Japanese twelve animal cycle”, Arutaigo Kenkyū アルタイ語研究 – Altaistic Studies 2, 1–18.Google Scholar
Kuribayashi, Hitoshi 栗林均. 2017. Integrated Dictionary of Written Oirat. Sendai: Tohoku University Center for Northeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Ligeti, Lajos. 1986. A Magyar nyelv török kapcsolatai a honfoglalás előtt és az Árpád-korban [The Turkic Relations of the Hungarian Language Before the Conquest and During the Árpád Era]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Liu, Fengzhu 劉鳳翥. 1998. 契丹大字六十年之研究 “Qidan dazi liushi nian zhi yanjiu” [Sixty years of research on the Kitan Large Script]. 中國文化研究所學報 Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo xuebao [Journal of Chinese Studies] 7, 313–38. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Nark'vevebi 1979 = საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები რვა ტომად Sakartvelos ist'oriis nark'vevebi rva t'omad [Research on the History of Georgia], 3, საქართველო XI–XV საუკუნეებში Sakartvelo XI–XV sauk'uneebši [Georgia in the 11th–15th Centuries]. Tbilisi: Sabč’ota Sakartvelo.Google Scholar
Pelliot, Paul. 1959. Notes on Marco Polo. I. Ouvrage posthume publié sous les auspices de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belle-Lettres et avec le concours du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, Librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
Q'auxčišvili 1959 = ქართლის ცხოვრება Kartlis cxovreba [The Life of Kartli], 2, ტექსტი დადგენილი ყველა ძირითადი ხელნაწერის მიხედვით ს. ყაუხჩიშვილის მიერ t'ekst’i dadgenili q'vela ʒiritadi xelnac'eris mixedvit S. Q'auxčišvilis mier [text established according to all principal manuscripts by S. Q'auxčišvili]. Tbilisi: Saxelgami, 1959.Google Scholar
Róna-Tas, András and Berta, Árpád. 2011. West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian, 2 Parts. (Turcologica, Band 84.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Róna-Tas, András. 1976. “A Volga Bulgarian inscription from 1307”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 30/2, 153–86.Google Scholar
Róna-Tas, András. 1974. “Tocharische Elemente in den altaischen Sprachen?”, in Hazai, Georg and Zieme, Peter (eds), Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der altaischen Völker: Protokolband der XII Tagung der P.I.A.C. 1969 in Berlin. (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für alte Geschichte und Archäologie. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des alten Orients, 5.) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 499–504.Google Scholar
Rybatzki, Volker. 2003. “Intra-Mongolic taxonomy”, in Janhunen, Juha (ed.), The Mongolic Languages. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Saitô, Yoshio. 2011. “The consonant system of West Middle Mongol”, 알타이학보 Altai Hakpo, 21, 51–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saitô, Yoshio 斎藤 純男. 2003. 中期モンゴル語の文字と音声 Chūki mongorugo no moji to onsei [Medieval Mongol Writing and Phonetics]. Kyoto: Syokado.Google Scholar
Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab. 1984. ქართული სალიტერატურო ენის ისტორიის შესავალი Kartuli salit'erat’uro enis ist'oriis šesavali [Introduction to the History of the Georgian Literary Language]. Tbilisi: Ganatleba.Google Scholar
Shimunek, Andrew. 2017. Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: A Historical–Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. (Tunguso-Sibirica, Band 40.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shurgaia, Gaga and Shimunek, Andrew. Forthcoming. “The 14th-century Georgian literary source on Middle Mongol”, 36 pp. in ms.Google Scholar
Sinor, Denis. 1970. “Mongol and Turkic words in the Latin versions of John of Plano Carpini's Journey to the Mongols (1245–1247)”, in Ligeti, Louis (ed.), Mongolian Studies. Budapest, pp. 537–51.Google Scholar
Thackston, Wheeler M. (trans.), Rashiduddin Fazlullah [Rašīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh]. 2012. Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties, Volume III. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Wilkens, Jens. 2021. Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen: Altuigurisch–Deutsch–Türkisch / Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü: Eski Uygurca–Almanca–Türkçe. (Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen.) Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen. <https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-481-9>.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ǯavaxišvili 1917 = Кн. И. А. Джавахов. 1917. “Объ одномъ анонимномъ грузинскомъ историкҍ XIV вҍка [On an anonymous 14th century Georgian historian]”. Извҍстія Россійской Академіи Наукъ = Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie, 1483–86.Google Scholar
Ǯavaxišvili 1977 = Ǯavaxišvili, Ivane. 1977. თხზულებანი თორმეტ ტომად Txzulebani tormet’ t'omad [Opera omnia], 8. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.Google Scholar