¹ See Dowson, J., A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology, eleventh ed. (repr.), London, 1968, 34–5.Google Scholar

² Śrīmad Bhāgavata [henceforth Bhāg.] vi, viii, 13–19 (G¯tā Press).Google Scholar

³ Bhagavadgītā, IV, 7–8.Google Scholar

⁴ See Jaini, P. S., ‘Śramaṇas: their conflict with Brahmanical society’, in Elder, J. W. (ed.), Chapters in Indian civilization, I, Dubuque, Iowa, Kendell/Hunt, 1970, 41–81.Google Scholar

⁵ XII, 46, 107.

⁶ I, 1, 9.

⁷ Bhāg. V, iii–vii.Google Scholar

⁸ … dharmān darśayitukāmo vātaraśanāṇāṃ śramaṇānām ṛṣīṇam ¯rdhvamanthin¯ṃ śuklayā tanuvāvatatāra. Bhāg. v, iii, 20.Google Scholar

⁹ Kalpasūtra, tr. Jaoobi, H., SEE, XXII, 1884, 281–5.Google Scholar Also Brown, W. Norman, A descriptive and illustrative catalogue of miniature paintings of the Jaina Kalpasūtra, Washington, D.C., 1934.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Together with Vṛtti by Śānticandra, Bombay edition, 1920.

¹¹ Ādipurāṇa (parts 1 and 2), Sanskrit text with Hindi tr. by Pannalal Jain, Kashi, Bhāratīya Jñānapīṭha, 1963–5.

¹² Tr. by Helen M. Johnson, GOS, LI, 1931. (Henceforth called Triṣaṣṭi.)

¹³ Jain, C. R.'s Ṛṣabha Deva (in English), Delhi, 1929Google Scholar, and Muni, Devendra's Ṛṣabhadeva: ek pariśīlan (in Hindi), Agra, 1967Google Scholar, summarize respectively the Digambara and the Śvetāmbara traditions. I am indebted to Devendra's work for references to several commentaries on the Āvaśyaka.

¹⁴ This account is missing in the Digambara tradition. See Devendra, , 69.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ādipurāṇa, xvi, 179 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Triṣaṣṭi, 178.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Kalpas¯tra, 284.Google Scholar

¹⁸ e.g. Wilson, H. H., The Viṣṇupurāṇa., London, 1840, 133.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The story of Priyavrata is not found in the Viṣṇupurāṇa.

²⁰ aho batāyam ṛsayo bhavadbhir avitathagīrbhir varam asulabham abhiyācito yad amusyātmajo mayā sadṛśo bhūyād iti. mamāham evābhirūpah kaivalyād athāpi brahmavādo na mrsā bhavitum arhatīti mamaiva hi mukhaṃ yad dvijadevakulam tata Āgnīdhrīye 'ṃśakalayā 'vatarisyāmy ātmatulyam anupalabhamānah. iti niśāmayantyā Merudevyāh patim abhidhāyāntardadhe Bhagavān. barhisi tasminn eva Visnudatta Bhagavān paramarsibhih prasādito Nābheh priyacikīrsayā tad avarodhāyane Merudevyāṃ dharmān darśayitukāmo vātaraśanānām śramanānām rsīnām ūrdhva-manthināṃ śuklayā tanuvāvatatāra. Bhāg., v, III, 17–20.

²¹ atha ha bhagavān Rsabhadevah svavarsaṃ karmaksetram anumanyamānah.… Ibid., v, iv, 8

²² yesāṃ khalu ṁahāyogī Bharato jyestah śresthaguna āsīd yenedam varsaṃ, Bhāratam iti vyapadiśanti. Ibid., v, iv, 9.

²³ yavīyāṃsa ekāśītir Jāyanteyāh pitur ādeśakarā mahāśālīnā mahāśrotrīyā yajñaśīlāh karmaviśuddhā brāhmanā babhūvuh. Ibid., V, IV, 13.

²⁴ yady api svaviditam sakaladharmam brahmam guhyam brāhmanair darśitamārgena sāmādibhir upāyair janatām anuśaśāsa … upacitaih sarvair api kratubhir yathopadeśam śatakrtva iyāja. Ibid., v, iv, 16–17.

²⁵ Bhāg, ., v, v, 1–27.Google Scholar

²⁶ … Bhavah parah so 'tha Viriñcivīryah

sa matparo 'haṃ dvijadevadevah//

na brāhmanais tulaye bhūtam anyat

paśyāmi viprāh kim atah param tu/

yasmin nrbhih prahutam śraddhayāhaṃ

aśnāmi kāmaṃ na tathā 'gnihotre// ibid., v, v, 22–3.

²⁷ upaśamaśīlānām uparaiakarmanāṃ mahāmunīnām bhaktijñ¯navairāgyalaksanaṃ p¯ramahaṃsyadharmaṃ. upaśikṣamānaḥ … urvaritaśarīramātraparigraha unmaita iva gaganaparidh¯nah prakīrnakeśa ātmany adhyāropitāhavanīyo Brahmāvartāt pravavrāja. jadāndhamūkabadhirapiśāconmādakavad avadhūtaveso 'bhibhāṣyamāno 'pi janānām grhītamaunavratas t¯ṣnīm babhūva. Ibid., v, v, 28–9.

²⁸ anupatham avanicar¯pasadaih paribhūyamāno maksikābhir iva vanagajas tarjanatādanāva-mehanasthīvanagrāvaśa kṛdrajahpraksepapūtivātaduruktaih … kutilajatilakapiśakeśabhūribhāro 'vadhūtamalinanijaśarīrena grahagṛhīta ivādrśyata. yarhi vāva sa bhagavān lokam imam yogasyāddhā pratīpam ivācaksānah tatpratikriyākarma bībhatsitam iti vratam ajagaram āsthitah śay¯na evāśnāti khādaty avamehati hadati sma … evam gomrgakākacaryayā … Ibid., v, v, 30–4.

²⁹ athaivam akhilalokapālalāmo 'pi vilakṣaṇair jaḍavad avadhūtaveṣabhāṣācaritair avilakṣi-tabhagavatprabhāvo yogināṃ, s¯mparāyavidhim anuśikṣyan svakalevaraṃ jih¯suḥ … uparatā-nuvṛttir upararāma. Ibid., v, vi, 6.

³⁰ tasya ha vā evaṃ muktalingasya bhagavata Ṛṣabhasya yogamāyāvāsanayā deha imāṃ jagatīm abhimānābhāsena saṃkramamāṇaḥ Koṅca- Veṅka-Kuṭakān dakṣiṇa-Karṇāṭakān deśān yadṛcchayo-pagataḥ Kuṭakācalopavana āsyakṛtāśmakavala unmāda iva muktamūrdhajo 'saṃvīta eva vicacāra. atha samīravegavidhūtavenuvikarṣaṇajātogradāvānalas tadvanam ālelihānaḥ saha tena dadāha. Ibid., v, vi, 7–8.

³¹ Ādipurāṇa, XXXIV, 93–156.Google Scholar

³² Ācārāṅga: Jacobi, SBE, XXII, 1884, 79–87.Google Scholar

³³ On sallekhanā see Williams, R., Jaina yoga, London, 1963, 166 ff.Google Scholar

³⁴ e.g. Jain, Hiralal, Bhāratīya saṃskṛti mē Jainadharm kā yogadān, Bhopal, 1962, 15 ff.Google Scholar

³⁵ See Basham, A. L., History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas, London, 1951, 63.Google Scholar

³⁶ yasya kilānucaritam upākarṇya Koṅka- Veṅka-Kuṭakānāṃ, rājā 'rahan nāmopaśikṣya kalāv adharma utkṛṣyamāṇe bhavitavyena vimohitaḥ svadharmapatham akutobhayam apahāya kupatha-pākhaṇḍam asaman¯jasaṃ nijamanīṣayā mandaḥ sampravartayiṣyate. yena ha vāva kalau manu-jāpasadā devamāyāmohitāḥ svavidhiniyogaśaucacāritravihīnā devahelanāny apavratāni nijani-jecchayā gṛhṇānā asnānānācamanāśaucakeśolluñcanādīni kalinā 'dharmabahulenopahatadhiyo brahmabrāhmaṇyayajñapuruṣalokavidūṣakāḥ prāyeṇa bhaviṣyanti. te ca hy arvāktanayā nijalo-kayātrayā 'ndhaparamparayā āśvastās tamasy andhe svayam eva prapatiṣyanti. ayamāvatāro rajasopaplutakaivalyopaśikṣaṇarthaḥ…. Bhāg., V, vi, 9–11.

³⁷ Kielhorn, F., Vyākaraṇa Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali, Bombay, 1892, I, 476.Google Scholar

³⁸ The Viṣṇupurāṇa, 133, n. 7.Google Scholar

³⁹ ibid., XVIII.

⁴⁰ Triṣaṣṭi, I, 353 ff.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Also called Gommaṭeśvara. See Fergusson, , History of Indian and Eastern architecture, London, 1891, 267 ff.Google Scholar, and Basham, A. L., The wonder that was India, London, 1954, plate LIX.Google Scholar

⁴² See Altekar, A. S., Rāshtrakūṭas and their times, second ed., Poona, 1967.Google Scholar

⁴³ ibid., 88–9.

⁴⁴ See the stotra of 1008 names of Ṛṣabha in Ādipurāṇa, XXV, 99–217.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ munayo vātaraśanāḥ padam, ūrdhvaṃ vidhitsavaḥ/

tvāṃ mūrdhavandino bhūtvā tad upāyam upāsate// Ādipurāṇa, n, 64.

digvāsā vātaraśano nirgrantheśo digambaraḥ/ ibid., XXV, 204.

⁴⁶ śrutaṃ suvihitaṃ vedo dvādaśāṅgam akalmaṣam/

hiṃsopadeśi yad vākyaṃ na vedo 'sau kṛtāntavāk//

purāṇaṃ dharmaśāstraṃ ca tat syād vadhaniṣedhi yat/

vadhopadeśi yat tat tu jñeyaṃ dhūrtapraṇetṛkam// ibid., XXXIX, 22–3.

⁴⁷ manuṣyajātir ekaiva jātināmodayodbhavā/

vṛttibhedāhitād bhedāc cāturvidhyam ihāśnute// ibid., XXXVIII, 45.

⁴⁸ utpāditās trayo varṇās tadā tenādivedhasā/ ibid., XVI, 183.

See XXXVIII which deals with dvijanmanām utpattiḥ.

⁴⁹ Āvaśyaka-cūrṇi and Āvaśyaka-Maladhāri-vṛtti quoted in Devendra's Ṛṣabhadeva, 87–8. Also Triṣaṣṭi, I, 343 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ teṣāṃ kṛtāni cihtiāni sūtraiḥ padmāhvayān nidheḥ/

upāttair brahmasūtrāhvair ekād ekādaśāntakaiḥt//

guṇabhūmikṛtād bhedāt kḷptayajñopavītinām/

satkāraḥ kriyate smaiḥām avratāś ca bahiḥ kṛtāḥ// Ādipurāṇa, XXXVIII, 21–2.

⁵¹ atha jātimadāveśāt kaścid enaṃ dvijabruvaḥ/

brūyād evaṃ kim adyaiva devabhūyaṃ gato bhavān//

tvam āmuṣyāyaṇaḥ kin na kiṃ te 'mbā 'muṣya putrikā/

yenaivam unnaso bhūtvā yāsy asatkṛtya madvidhān//

jātiḥ saiva kulaṃ, tac ca so 'si yo 'si pragetanaḥ/

tathāpi devatātmānam ātmānaṃ manyate bhavān//

devatātithipitragnikāryeṣvaprayato bhavān/

gurudvijātidevānāṣ praṇāmāc ca parāṅmukhaḥ/

dīkṣām jainīṃ prapannasya jātaḥ ko 'tiśayas tava/

yato 'dyāpi manuṣyas tvaṃ pādacārī mahīṃ spṛśan//

ity upārūḍhasaṃrambham upālabdhaḥ sa kenacit/

dadāty uttaram üy asmai vacobhir yuktipeśelaiḥ//

śrūyatāṃ bho dvijammanya tvayā 'smad divyasambhavaḥ/

jino janayitā 'smākaṃ jñānaṃ garbho 'tinirmalaḥ//

tatrārhatīṃ tridhā bhinnāṃ śaktiṃ traiguṇyasaṃśritāṃ/

svasātkṛtya samudbhūtā vayaṃ, saṃskārajanmanā//

ayonisambhavās tena devā eva na mānuṣāh/

vayaṃ, vayam ivānye 'pi santi cet brūhi tadvidhān// Ādipurāna, XXXIX, 108–16.Google Scholar

⁵² mayā sraṣṭā dvijanmānaḥ śrāvakācāracuñcavaḥ/

tvadgītopāsakādhyāyasūtramārgānugāminaḥ//

doṣaḥ ko 'tra guṇaḥ ko 'tra kim etat sāṃprataṃ na vā/

dolāyamānam iti me manaḥ sthāpaya niścitau// ibid., XLI, 30–3.

⁵³ sādhu valsa kṛtaṃ sādhu dhārmikadvijapūjanaṃ/

kintu doṣānuṣaṅgo 'tra ko 'py asti sa niśaṃyatām//…

tataḥ, kaliyuge 'bhyarṇe jātivādāvalepataḥ/

bhraṣṭācārāḥ prapatsyante sanmārgapratyanīkatām//

te 'mi jātimadāviṣṭā vayaṃ lokādhikā iti/

purā durāgamair lokaṃ mokayanti dhanāśayā//…

ahiṃsālakṣaṇaṃ dharmaṃ, dūṣayitvā durāśayāḥ/

codanālakṣaṇaṃ dharmaṃ poṣayiṣyanty amī bāta//

pāpasūtradharā dhūrtāḥ prāṇimāraṇatatparāḥ/

vartsyadyuge pravartsyanti sanmārgaparipanthinaḥ//

dvijātisarjanaṃ tasmān nādya yady apī doṣakṣt/

syād doṣabījam āyatyāṃ kupākhaṇḍapravartanāt// ibid., XLI, 45–54.

⁵⁴ Ādipurāṇa, XXIV, 80–5.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Samantabhadra, for instance, is explicit in his praise of the Jina as the teacher of truth:

devāgamanabhoyānacāmarādivibhūtayaḥ/

māyādiṣv api drṣyante nātas tvam asi no mahān//

sa tvam evāsi nirdoṣo yuktiśāstrāvirodhivāk/…. (Devāgamastotra).

⁵⁶ Akalaṅkastotra (see Nitya-namittika-pāṭhāvalī, Mahāvīrāśrama, Karanja, 1956).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Urvaśyām udapādi rāgabahulaṃ ceto yadīyaṃ punaḥ/

pātrīdaṇḍakamandaluprabhṛtayo yasyākṛtārthasth itim//

āvirbhāvayituṃ bhavanti, sa kathaṃ Brahmā bhaven mādṛśām/

kṣuttṛṣṇāśramarāgaragarahito Brahmā kṛtārtho 'stu naḥ// ibid., 4.

⁵⁸ dagdhaṃ yena puratrayaṃ śarabhavā tīvrārciṣā vahninā/

yo vā nṛtyati mattavat pitṛvane yasyātmajo vā Guhaḥ//

so 'yaṃ kiṃ mama Śaṅkaro bhayatṛṣāroṣārtimohakṣayam/

kṛtvā yaḥ sa tu sarvavit tanubhṛtāṃ kṣemaṅkaraḥ Śaṅkarah// ibid., 2.

⁵⁹ yatnād yena vidāritaṃ kararuhair daityendravakṣasthalaṃ/

sārathyena Dhanañjayasya samare yo 'mārayat Kauravān//

nāsau Viṣṇur anekakālaviṣayaṃ. yaj jñānam avyāhatam/

viśvaṃ, vyāpya vijṛṃbhate sā tu Mahāviṣṇuḥ sadeṣṭo mama// ibid., 3.

⁶⁰ yo viśvaṃ veda vedyaṃ jananajalanidher bhaṅginaḥ pāradraṣṭā/

aurvāparyāviruddiiaṃ vacanam anupamaṃ niṣkalaṅkaṃ yadīyam//

aṃ vande sādhuvandyaṃ sakalaguṇanidhiṃ dhvastadoṣadvisantam/

uddhaṃ v¯ Vardhamānaṃ Śatadalanilayaṃ Keśavaṃ v¯ Śivaṃ vā// ibid., 9.