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Custom and Sharī'a in the Bedouin family according to legal documents from the Judaean Desert1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Aharon Layish  and
Avshalom Shmueli
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Extract

This paper, by means of original Bedouin documents relating to matters of personal status, attempts to disclose interaction between custom and sharī'a and to illuminate some of the mechanisms tending to complete the islamization of a tribal society in process of sedentarization. The Bedouin dealt with here are a group of tribes in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem region: al-Sawāhira (c. 6,000 persons now) east of Jerusalem, al-'Ubaydiyya (c. 5,500) east of Bayt Saḥūr, the 13 al-Ta'āmira tribes (c. 20,000) extending over a sector east of Bayt Saḥūr in the north to Bayt Fajjār in the south, and al-Rashā'ida (c. 500) south-east of Taqū'a. Most of these tribes originate from Ḥijaz and Najd. They appeared in the region in small groups from the sixteenth century and in time developed into tribes, while absorbing local fallāḥs. Their main numerical increase took place in the twentieth century.

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , February 1979 , pp. 29 - 45
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Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1979

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References

2 For the historical background of the contest between sharī'a and custom see Layish, A., ‘Sharī'a u-minhag ba-mishpaḥa ha-Muslimit be-Yisra'el’, Ha-Mizraḥ he-Ḥadash, XXIII, 4, 1974, 377 ff.Google Scholar, and the sources indicated there.

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18 al-Dhuwayb, Muhammad Sālim 'Ashīrat al-Sharāyi'a al-Ta'amira, divorce of 25 09 1964Google Scholar; and Muhammad, Sulaymān Sālim 'Ashīrat Ṣalāh al-Ta'āmira, khul' of 10 12 1966Google Scholar, respectively. Cf. Chelhod, , Le droit, 85Google Scholar.

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20 Interviews with him of 22 June 1975 and 14 Novembe r 1975.

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26 Interview with Shaykh Muḥammad Sālim al-Dhuwayb al-Sharāyi'a al-Ta'āmira of 14 November 1975.

27 Interviews with Muḥammad, Shaykh Sulaymān 'Ashīrat Salāh al-Ta'āmira and Shaykh Mūsā, 'Awdat Allāh al-'Ubaydiyya of 3 06 1975 and 6 October 1975Google Scholar. Cf. al-'Ārif, op. cit., 130; Bailey, art. cit., 114, 117; Kennett, A., Bedouin justice; law and customs among the Egyptian Bedouin, new impression, London, 1968, 100Google Scholar; Reuben Levy, The social structure of Islam, repr., Cambridge, 1962, 113. The pronouncement of the bismillāh and reading of the Fātiha are usual also among the Druzes, perhaps by way of taqiyya; see Tali', Amin Muhammad, Aṣl al-muwaḥḥidīn al-Durūz wa-uṣūluhum, Beirut, 1961, 132, 133Google Scholar.

28 Sharī'a Court of Jerusalem, Muḥammad Sharārī al-A'raj al-Sawahira, confirmation of marriage of 4 August 1956.

29 Coulson, N. J., Succession in the Muslim family, Cambridge, 1971, 11, 12CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schacht, , Introduction, 161, 162Google Scholar; Levy, 110, 111. For more detail see Zahra, Muḥammad Abū, al-Ahwal al-shakhṣiyya, Cairo, n.d., 123 fGoogle Scholar.

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32 Layish, A., Women and Islamic law in a non-Muslim state; a study based on decisions of the sharī'a courts in Israel, New York, 1975, 51Google Scholar; Chelhod, , Le droit, 125Google Scholar; Marx, Emanuel, Bedouin of the Negev, Manchester, 1967, 104, 105, 159Google Scholar; interview with Muḥammad, Shaykh Sulaymān Sālim 'Ashīrat Ṣalāh al-Ta'āmira of 6 10 1975Google Scholar.

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38 al-Dhuwayb, Muḥammad Sālim 'Ashīrat al-Sharāyi'a al-Ta'āmira, divorce agreement of 29 06 1959Google Scholar and divorce of 25 September 1964. Cf. Smith, Robertson, op. cit., 113Google Scholar.

39 Layish, , ‘Shari'a u-minhag’, 386, 387Google Scholar; Anderson, J. N. D., Islamic law in Africa, new impression, London, 1970, 320, 321Google Scholar; idem, Law reform, 11; Coulson, , History, 136Google Scholar, and the source indicated there.

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41 Interviews with Ibrāhim, Shaykh 'Abd Allāh al-Dar'awī and Shaykh Sulaymān Sālim Muḥammad of 5 08 1975Google Scholar, 6 October 1975, and 3 June 1975. See Layish, , ‘Shari'a u-minhag’, 382, 383, 387, 388Google Scholar. Cf. Chelhod, , Le droit, 130Google Scholar.

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43 Muḥammad, Sulaymān Salim 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira, succession of 10 01 1955Google Scholar; Yusuf, 'Aṭiyya ‘Alayān al-'Ubaydiyya, disposition of estate inter vivos of 4 10 1962Google Scholar; and Ibrajiyya, Maḥmūd Musallim 'Ashīrat al-Zawāhira al-Ta'āmira, disposition of estate inter vivos of A.H. 1331 [1912]Google Scholar, respectively. Cf. Layish, , Women, 105Google Scholar; Marx, , op. cit, 185, 186Google Scholar; Kennett, , op. cit., 99, 104, 106Google Scholar; Chelhod, , Le droit, 134–6Google Scholar; Baer, , Population, 39Google Scholar, and the sources indicated there.

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46 Muḥammad, Sharārī al-A'raj al-Sawāḥira, waṣl tanāzul of 29 05 1956Google Scholar. Cf. Lavish, , Women, 290 f.Google Scholar; Anderson, , Law reform, 11Google Scholar.

46 Dakhl, Aḥmad Allāh al-Makhṭūb al-Mis'ād al-Ta'āmira, wasiyya of 29 05 1956Google Scholar. Cf. Lavish, A., ‘Women and succession in the Druze family in Israel’, Asian and African Studies, XI, 1, 1976, 111Google Scholar.

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49 e.g. Sulaymān Sālim Muḥammad 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira and Ibrahim, 'Abd Allāh al-Dar'āwi ‘Ashīrat al-Shawāwira al-Ta'āmira, family dispute of 11 05 1972Google Scholar; Muḥammad, Sālim Isma'īl Abū ‘Ulyā 'Ashīrat al-'Abayāt al-Ta'āmira, succession of 10 01 1955Google Scholar; Ibrajiyya, Maḥmud Musallim 'Ashīrat al-Ẓawāhira al-Ta'āmira, disposition of estate inter vivos of A.H. 1331 [1912]Google Scholar. The Qur'ān quotations are from the translation by Pickthall, Mohammed Marmaduke, The meaning of the glorious Koran, New York, New American Library, 1953Google Scholar.

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52 Tyan, , Hisloire, 35, 42, 43, 59, 61Google Scholar; Schacht, , Introduction, 8, 10Google Scholar.

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54 Muḥammad, Sulaymān Sālim 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira, family dispute of 11 05 1972Google Scholar; idem, sakk tabkim of 11 May 1972.

55 Muḥammad Aḥmad Abu 'Amiriyya 'Ashīrat al-Sharāyi'a al-Ta'āmira, marriage, n.d.

56 Muḥammad, Sulaymān Sālim 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira, khul' of 10 12 1966Google Scholar. Article 30 of the law, which deals with obedience, is based on Hanafi variants. See Anderson, J. N. D., ‘Recent developments in sharī'a law VIII. The Jordanian Law of Family Rights, 1951’ Muslim World, XLII, 3, 1952, 196Google Scholar.

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58 Nimr, 'Awda al-Mubārak 'Ashīrat al-Nabāhīn al-Ta'āmira, sakk tabkīm of 29 09 1963Google Scholar; Ibrahim, 'Abd Allāh al-Dar'awi 'Ashīrat al-Shawāwira al-Ta'āmira, family dispute of 26 08 1970Google Scholar.

59 Muḥammad, Sulaymān Sālim 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira, khul' of 10 12 1966Google Scholar; idem, family dispute of 11 may 1972.

60 Sharī'a Court of Bethlehem, , Sijill Ṭalāq 3, p. 176Google Scholar, no. 13 (ibrā'); Muḥammad, Sulaymān Sālim 'Ashīrat Sālah al-Ta'āmira, ibrā' of 20 10 1974Google Scholar; idem, khvl' of 10 December 1966; Ibrāhīm, 'Abd Allāh al-Dar'āwi 'Ashīrat al-Shawāwira al-Ta'āmira, family dispute of 26 08 1970Google Scholar.

61 Tyan, , Histoire, 50, 56, 57, 60, 61Google Scholar; idem, ‘Ḥakam’, 72; Schacht, , Introduction, 189Google Scholar; Shaykh Muḥammad Sa'id Jamāl al-Rifā'i, wakīl qāḍi of Bethlehem, thinks that an arbitral award is not binding and requires confirmation by the qāḍi in each case (interview of 16 October 1975).

62 Sulaymān Sālim Muḥammad 'Ashīrat Ṣalāḥ al-Ta'āmira, impotence, n.d.

63 Interview with Muḥammad, Shaykh Sālim al-Dhuwayb of 14 11 1975Google Scholar.

64 cf. Schacht, , Introduction, 62, 77, 78, 84Google Scholar; Bousquet, G.-H., ‘Āda’, El, second ed., 170, 171Google Scholar; Anderson, , Law reform, 188Google Scholar.