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Beyond the “wonders of India” (‘ajā’ib al-hind): Yogis in Persian medico-alchemical writings in South Asia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 December 2022
Abstract
This article looks at the translation and circulation of yogis’ learning in Persian medical and alchemical texts produced in South Asia. I suggest that looking at the non-religious environment allows for a more accurate understanding of the overall circulation of yogic knowledge and techniques in the Muslim society of South Asia. Furthermore, I suggest that the assimilation of yogis’ learning in Persian sources concerned not only Yoga but also other types of knowledge associated with yogis. Muslim physicians’ interest in yogis’ knowledge focused on one specific aspect: rasaśāstra “alchemy” and the mastery over the production of mercurial and metallic drugs. The technical and pragmatic focus of Persian medico-alchemical writings contributed to give views of yogis beyond the exotic and foreignizing category of the wonders of India. Medical writings helped to develop views of yogis as a socio-economic group involved in the transmission of a specific body of knowledge. This was an important shift away from the perspective of the ‘ajā’ib al-hind “wonders of India” as well as from the ways in which yogis were perceived in Sufi texts. New perspectives on yogis emerged when Persian-speaking scholars and readers in India needed more pragmatic representations of local groups, such as the physicians who were in the process of appropriating alchemical notions that were closely associated with the yogis.
- Type
- Article
- Information
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 85 , Issue 3 , October 2022 , pp. 423 - 444
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of SOAS University of London
Footnotes
1
I would like to thank several colleagues for their comments and suggestions on the topics of this article: James Mallinson, Carl W. Ernst, Daniela Bevilacqua, Andrea Acri, Jean Arzoumanov, Catherine Servan-Schreiber, Véronique Bouillier, Projit B. Mukharji and Muhammad Sadr. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Center for Islamic Area Studies, Kyoto University, 13 March 2019.
References
Bibliography
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Ernst, Carl W. 2003b. “The Islamization of Yoga in the Amrtakunda translations”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3 (13/2): 199–226.Google Scholar
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Ernst, Carl W. 2008. “Accounts of Yogis in Arabic and Persian historical and travel texts”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 33: 409–26.Google Scholar
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Khan, Yusuf Husain. 1928. “Ḥauḍ al-ḥayāt, la version arabe de l'Amratkund”, Journal Asiatique 213: 291–344.Google Scholar
Kurz, Susanne. 2018. “Laḏḏat al-nisā’” in Speziale, Fabrizio and Ernst, Carl W. (eds), Perso-Indica. An Analytical Survey of Persian Works on Indian Learned Traditions. http://www.perso-indica.net/work/kokasastra_%28laddat_al-nisa%29.Google Scholar
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Mallinson, James. 2018. “Yoga and sex: what is the purpose of Vajrolīmudrā?” in Baier, Karl, Maas, Philipp André and Preisendanz, Karin (eds), Yoga in Transformation: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, 181–222. Göttingen: V&R unipress, Vienna University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Mukharji, Projit Bihari. 2017, “The flame and the breeze: life and longevity practices in three Bengali Sufi texts from the Long Seventeenth Century”, History of Science in South Asia 5/2: 234–64. http://hssa-journal.org.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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