Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-767nl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T18:20:49.234Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From Jabal 'Āmil to Persia1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Extract

Shī'ī scholars from Jabal 'Āmil, the hill-country which lies inland from Ṣaydā and Ṣūr in southern Lebanon, claim that theirs is the oldest of all Shī'ī communities. They attribute its foundation to Abū Dharr, a Companion of the Prophet and one of the first supporters of the claims of 'Alī to be his successor. He is said to have gone from Madīna to Damascus, and to have been exiled from there to the country districts of Bilād al-Shām, or Syria in the broader geographical sense. There is a mosque associated with his name in the village of Mays al-Jabal.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Robson, J., ‘Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī’, Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), I, 114–15Google Scholar; al-'Āmili, Muhammad al-Ḥurr, Amal al-āmil fi tarājim ‘ulam’ Jabal 'Āmil (Baghdad 1385/19651966), 1, 13Google Scholar; al-Amīn, Muḥsin [al-'Āmilī], Khiṭaṭ Jabal 'Āmil (Beirut, 1983), 83.Google Scholar

3 Khosrau, Nassiri, Sefer-nameh, French tr. Schefer, C. (Paris, 1881), 47.Google Scholar

4 Jubayr, Muḥammad ibn, Riḥla, ed. de Goeje, M. J. (Leiden/London, 1907), 380.Google Scholar

5 al-Hamawī, Yāqūt ibn 'Abd Allāh, Mu'jam al-Buldān: Jacut's Geographisches Wōrterbuch, ed. WÜstenfeld, F. (Leipzig, 1867), 2, 307.Google Scholar

6 e.g. al-Ḥalabī, Taqī al-Dīn ibn Najm in Amal al-āmil, II, 46Google Scholar; 'Izz al-Dīn Ḥamza ibn 'Alī al-Ḥusaynī al-Ḥalabī, ibid., 105–6. Cf. 'Umar ibn Aḥmad Ibn al-'Adīm, Zubdat al-ḥalab min ta'rikh Ḥalab, ed. S. Dahhān, II, (Damascus, 1954), 293–4.

7 Khiṭaṭ, 182 f.

8 Dussaud, R., Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et mediéval (Paris, 1927)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M., La Syrie a l'époque des Mamelouks (Paris, 1923), 70, 74, 246Google Scholar; Sourdel-Thomine, J., ‘Inscriptions arabes de Karak Nuh’, Bulletin d' Etudes Orientales, 13, 19491951, 7184.Google Scholar

9 Khiṭaṭ, 134.

10 ibid., 77–8.

11 Laoust, H., Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques d' Ibn Taymiyya (Cairo, 1939), 36–7, 97.Google Scholar

12 Amilī, Muhsin al-Amīn al-Ā, A'yān al-shī'a, 57 vols. (Damascus/Beirut, 1935– ), XLVII, 3649Google Scholar; Amal al-āmil, I, 181–83; ' 'al-Iṣfahānī, Abd Allāh Afandī, Riyād al-'ulamā', 5 vols. (Qumm, 1401/19801981), v, 185–91Google Scholar; Yūsufal-Baḥrānī, , Lu'lu'atal-Baḥrayn (Najaf, 1386/19661967), 143–8Google Scholar. For the significance of his work, and that of his followers, cf. Calder, N., ‘Zakāt in Imāmī Shi'ī jurisprudence, from the tenth to the sixteenth century A.D.’, BSOAS, XLIV, 3, 1981, 468–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Khums in Imāmā Shī'ī jurisprudence, from the tenth to the sixteenth century A.D.’, BSOAS, XLIV, 1, 1982, 39–17Google Scholar. For some of his students, cf. al-Tihrānī, Āghā Buzurk, al-Dharī'a ilā taṣānīf al-shī'a, I (Najaf, 1355/1936), 236 ff.Google Scholar

13 A'yān, al-shīa, XXXIII, 223–96Google Scholar; Amal al-āmil, 1, 8591Google Scholar; Riyāḍ al-‘ulamā’, II, 365–86Google Scholar; 'al-'Āmilī, Ali ibn Muḥammad al-Juba'ī, al-Durr al-manthūr rain al-ma'thūr wa ghayr al-ma'thūr (Qumm, 1398/19771978), II, 149199Google Scholar; Lu'lu'at al-Baḥrayn, 28–36.

14 Aubin, J., ‘La politique religieuse des Safavides’ in Colloque de Strasbourg, Le Shī'isme imâmite (Paris, 1970), 235–44.Google Scholar

15 Riyāḍ al-‘ulamā’, 4, 280–83;Google ScholarAmal al-āmil, 1, 122Google Scholar; Muḥammad Bāqir al-Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, ed. Ismā'īliyān, A. (Qumm, 1390–92/1970/1972), 4, 356–9.Google Scholar

16 Madelung, W., ‘Al-Karakī’, Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), 4, 610Google Scholar; Riyāḍ al-‘ulamā’, 3, 441–60;Google ScholarAmal al-āmil, 1, 121–2;Google ScholarA'yān al-shī'a, XLI, 174–8.Google Scholar

17 Madelung, 610; Tabātabā'ī, H. Modarressi, Kharāj in Islamic law (London, 1983), 165Google Scholar; Modarressi, Tabātabā'ī, An introduction to Shī'ī Law (London, 1984), 50;Google ScholarArjomand, S. A., The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam (Chicago, 1984), 132CrossRefGoogle Scholar f.; Glassen, E., ‘Schah Ismā'īl I und die Theologen seiner Zeit’, Der Islam, XLVIII, 1972, 254–68. For the circumstances in which al-Karakī defended the legality of kharāj, and the opposition to his views, cf. W. Madelung, ‘Shiite discussions on the legality of the kharāj’,Google Scholar in Peters, R., ed., Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants (Leiden, 1981), 193202.Google Scholar For al-Karakī's writings and his influence upon Shāh Ṭahmāsp, cf. Lambton, A. K. S., State and government in medieval Islam (Oxford, 1981), 266–77.Google Scholar

18 Arjomand, 122 f.; J., Aubin, ‘Etudes safavides, I. Šah Ismā'īl et les notables de l'lraq persan’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2, 1959, 3781.Google Scholar

19 Arjomand, 137.

20 Al-Durr al manthūr, 2, 199259.Google Scholar

21 A'yān al shī'a, 27, 226–70;Google ScholarAmal al-āmil, 2, 74–7; Lu'lu'at al-Baḥrayn, 23–8.Google Scholar

22 Riyāḍ al-‘ulamā’, 5, 8897;Google ScholarMuḥammad Amin al-Muḥibbī, Khulāṣat al-athar fi a'yān al-qarn al-hādī 'ashar (Cairo, 1284/18671868), 3, 440–55; Lu'lu'al al-Baḥrayn, 16–23.Google Scholar

23 A'yān al-shī'a, 27, 213–14;Google ScholarRiyād al-‘ulamā’, 5, 132–3;Google ScholarAmal al-āmil, 2, 7980.Google Scholar

24 Riyāḍ al-‘ulamā’, 4, 417–20;Google ScholarA'yān al-shī'a, XLIX, 166–7.Google Scholar

25 Kister, M. J., ‘al-Ḥurr b. Yazīd’, Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), 3, 588.Google Scholar

26 G., Scarcia, ‘al-Ḥurr al-‘Āmilī’, Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), 3, 588–89;Google ScholarA'yān al-shī'a, XLVIV, 5264; Amal al-āmil, I, Introduction, 8–66 and pp. 141–54.Google Scholar

27 A'yān al-shī'a, 26, 235Google Scholar. In al-Durr al-manthūr, 2, 155, the story about gathering firewood is related of the Second Martyr himself.Google Scholar

28 Khulāṣat al-athar, 3, 443.Google Scholar

29 Amal al-āmil, 1, 11 f.Google Scholar

30 A. J. Arberry's translation: The Koran interpreted (London, 1955), 5:24.

31 Arberry, 18:1.

32 Arberry, 14:37.

33 Amal al-āmil, 1, 1516.Google Scholar