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The bug-killer fly Gymnosoma rotundatum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) forms the respiratory funnel independently of the host's immune response

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2024

Shin Komagata Open the ORCID record for Shin Komagata [Opens in a new window] ,
Kota Ogawa Open the ORCID record for Kota Ogawa [Opens in a new window]  and
Takuji Tachi Open the ORCID record for Takuji Tachi [Opens in a new window]
Shin Komagata*
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Integrated Science for Global Society, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Kota Ogawa
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Changes, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 774 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan Insect Sciences and Creative Entomology Centre, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
Takuji Tachi
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Changes, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 774 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
*
Corresponding author: Shin Komagata; Email: komagatashin@gmail.com
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Abstract

In internal parasitism, the respiration strategy within the host's body is as essential as evading attack from the host's immune system. Tachinid flies are parasitoids of terrestrial arthropods, mostly insects, during their larval stage. To obtain oxygen while living in the host body, they build a cylindrical structure known as the respiratory funnel at the aperture opened by the tachinid larva on the host integument or trachea. These funnels can be divided morphologically into sheath and cone types. Previous research on sheath-type funnels revealed that they are derived from the encapsulating substance produced by the host's immune system. In contrast, the cone-type funnels cover part of the body of the larval tachinid and may be constructed independently from the host immune system. To determine the mechanisms of cone-type funnel formation, histological observations were carried out on Gymnosoma rotundatum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which possesses this type of funnel. The respiratory funnel of G. rotundatum was found to be derived from the tube-shaped faeces wrapped with the peritrophic membrane and excreted by the fly larva, not from host tissue or haemocytes. Additionally, secretory glands putatively involved in the funnel formation were discovered around the larval anal plate of G. rotundatum. A comparison of funnel types within Tachinidae revealed that Phasiinae and Dexiinae have cone-type funnels, which may be created by the same mechanism as in G. rotundatum. These new findings suggest that funnel formation that does not use the host immune system is relevant to tachinid phylogeny.

Keywords

endoparasitoidfaecesPhasiinaesecretory glandsheath-type funnel
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , First View , pp. 1 - 9
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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