¹ Royal Institution, Journals of Thomas Archer Hirst (hereafter cited as Hirst Journals), vol. iv, fol. 1702. I wish to express my thanks to the authorities of the Royal Institution for permission to consult and quote from materials in their possession, and to the Librarian, Mr. Stallybrass, for his helpful co-operation. See also Hirst's minutes of the meeting, as quoted in SirFrankland, Edward, Sketches from the Life of Edward Frankland (London, 1902), 150.Google Scholar Research for this study of the X Club was greatly facilitated by financial assistance from the Graduate School and the McMillan Fund of the University of Minnesota.

² Royal Institution, Journals of John Tyndall, vol. iii, fol. 1260.Google Scholar

³ Spencer, Herbert, An Autobiography (New York. 1904), ii, 133.Google Scholar See also: Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, The Huxley Papers, vol. lxxGoogle Scholar, item 7. I am grateful to the Governors of the Imperial College of Science and Technology for permission to consult and quote materials in the Huxley collection, and to Mrs. Jeanne Pingree, Archivist of The Huxley Papers, for her very kind co-operation.

⁴ “Professor Tyndall”, The Nineteenth Century, xxxv (1894), 10.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ For insight into the nature and activities of the Lazzaroni, consult the following biographies: Dupree, A. Hunter, Asa Gray (Cambridge, Mass., 1959)Google Scholar, and Lurie, Edward, Louis Agassiz (Chicago, 1960).Google Scholar Understandably, the latter is more full in its discussion of the Lazzaroni, since Agassiz was one of its leading members, whereas Gray was excluded from the group. See also Dupree, A. Hunter, “The Founding of the National Academy of Sciences—a Reinterpretation”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, ci (1957), 434–440.Google Scholar

⁷ See the comprehensive work by Crosland, Maurice, The Society of Arcueil: A View of French Science at the Time of Napoleon I (London, 1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ The eight were elected Fellows in the following years: Hooker, (1847)Google Scholar, Busk, (1850)Google Scholar, Huxley, (1851)Google Scholar, Tyndall, (1852)Google Scholar, Frankland, (1853)Google Scholar, Spottiswoode, (1853)Google Scholar, Lubbock, (1857)Google Scholar, and Hirst, (1861).Google Scholar

⁹ Spencer to Hooker, , 28 03 1874Google Scholar, Duncan, David, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (New York, 1908), i, 223.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Minutes, as quoted in Huxley, Leonard, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (London, 1918), i, 543.Google Scholar

¹¹ Minutes, as quoted in Frankland, op. cit. (1), 160.Google Scholar

¹² Hirst Journals, vol. iv, fol. 1963.Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid., fol. 914.

¹⁴ Ibid., fol. 2130. See also Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, xxxvi, 74Google Scholar; Huxley to Tyndall, 9 Nov. 1883, Huxley, Leonard, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley (New York, 1916), ii, 66.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Hooker was one of the original 47 members; Busk, Huxley and Tyndall were elected in 1855, Frankland, in 1859Google Scholar, Lubbock, in 1860Google Scholar, Spottiswoode, in 1861Google Scholar, and Hirst, in 1865Google Scholar (Bonney, T. G., Annals of the Philosophical Club of the Royal Society (London, 1919)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, passim).

¹⁶ Laurie, , op. cit. (6), 183.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Tyndall to Hooker, undated 1867, Huxley Papers, vol. viii, fol. 344Google Scholar; Life and Letters of Hooker, i, 542; ii, 108Google Scholar; Frankland, , op. cit. (1), 155.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Life and Letters of Huxley, i, 432.Google Scholar

¹⁹ As quoted in Frankland, , op. cit. (1), 157.Google Scholar

²⁰ Vol. iv, fol. 2116.

²¹ Life and Letters of Hooker, i, 541.Google ScholarSpencer, (op. cit. (3), ii, 139)Google Scholar more fully described The Reader as a “weekly paper (of The Spectator form) predominantly literary, and in a smaller degree scientific, which had been founded a year or two before by Mr. T. Hughes, Q.C., Mr. Ludlow, and others who, dissatisfied with existing papers of the class, were desirous of having one which should be candid and impartial in its criticisms, and liberal in its views of affairs—not political affairs so much as social affairs”.

²² Vol. iv, fol. 1702. See also Hirst's minutes, as quoted in Frankland, , op. cit. (1), 150.Google Scholar

²³ Spencer, Autobiography, ii, 137.Google Scholar

²⁴ Duncan, , op. cit. (9), i, 153.Google Scholar

²⁵ Spencer, Autobiography, ii, 140.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Ibid., 138.

²⁸ Minutes, as quoted in Life and Letters of Hooker, i, 543.Google Scholar

²⁹ Crosland, op. cit. (7), passim.

³⁰ As quoted in Life and Letters of Hooker, i, 542.Google Scholar

³¹ Ibid., 543.

³² Ibid.

³³ Hirst Journals, vol. iv, fol. 1840.

³⁴ Huxley Papers, vol. viii, fol. 176.

³⁵ Supra, 1. For a discussion of the attitudes of the members of the Society of Arcueil to religion, see Crosland, op. cit. (7), 91–94.Google Scholar

³⁶ Frankland, op. cit. (1), 51.Google Scholar

³⁷ As quoted in Life and Letters of Hooker, i, 542.Google Scholar

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Ibid., 543.

⁴⁰ For a discussion of this “Ayrton Affair”, see ibid., ii, 159–177; Turrill, William Bertram, J. D. Hooker, Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator (London, 1963), 123–125Google Scholar; Eve, A. S. and Creasey, C. H., Life and Work of John Tyndall (London, 1945), 160–166.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Some of Tyndall's vigorous writings on the subject were published in 1887 by William Blackwood and Sons in a one-penny pamphlet entitled, “Mr. Gladstone and Home Rule”. In Tyndall's urgent language, one can almost sense the memory of his martyred distant relative, William Tyndale, playing a contributory role. For some discussion of Tyndall's Unionist views, see Eve, and Creasey, , op. cit. (40), 17, 248, 264–267, 277–278.Google Scholar

⁴² Huxley Papers, vol. xvi, fol. 273. For a discussion of the Unionist views of men of science in general, see Hammond, J. L., Gladstone and the Irish Nation (London, 1938), 540–553.Google Scholar For Huxley's opposition to Home Rule, see Life and Letters of Huxley, ii, 132–134, 144–145, 179, 187–188.Google Scholar

⁴³ 1 January 1888, Huxley Papers, vol. viii, fol. 262.

⁴⁴ 4 January 1888, ibid., fol. 263.

⁴⁵ Spencer, , Autobiography, ii, 134.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Life and Letters of Huxley, ii, 120.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid., i, 281. Hirst (supra, 2) certainly suspected it!

⁴⁸ Life and Letters of Huxley, i, 282.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ “Tyndall”, The Nineteenth Century, xxxv (1894), 11.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Ibid.

⁵¹ Spencer, Autobiography, ii, 135.Google Scholar

⁵² Ibid.