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⁴ Wiener Zeitung, no. 292 (19 Oct. 1814): 1163.

⁵ For Volksfest planning and Jan's negotiations with court officials: HHStA ZA Prot. 47, fols. 163–64, 173–74, 203; Neu.ZA, R XV, Hofreisen 1814, Kart. 318, nos. 57, 60; OMeA 207 (1814), Fasz. 1; KK 37 (1814), no. 833.

⁶ For the concerns of Field Marshal Prince Schwarzenberg, Metternich, and the emperor about impressing the Tsar and other Congress guests, HHStA Kriegsakten 428 (1814–1815), fols. 252–53, Schwarzenberg to Metternich, 11 Aug. 1814 (with Franz's agreement); extra pay, Österreichisches Staatsarchiv [ÖStA] Kriegsakten HKR SR Norm. Hübler 39, p. 696, no. 621 and p. 712, no. 645, 12 and 22 Sept. 1814. See Mayr, Josef Karl, Wien im Zeitalter Napoleons. Staatsfinanzen, Lebensverhältnisse, Beamte und Militär (Vienna, 1940)Google Scholar, 233.

⁷ On military display, see Vick, Congress of Vienna, 21–37.

⁸ See the coverage inter alia in the Wiener Zeitung: no. 285 (12 Oct. 1814): 1135; no. 329 (25 Nov. 1814): 1312; and no. 24 (24 Jan. 1815): 93–94; and Vick, Congress, 52–59. On court festivities and logistics, Kurzel-Runtscheiner, Monica, “Der Wiener Kongress Backstage: Ein logistisches Meisterwerk,” in Der Wiener Kongress: Die Erfindung Europas, ed. Just, Thomas, Maderthaner, Wolfgang, and Maimann, Helene (Vienna, 2014), 286–305.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ HHStA ZA Prot. 47, fol. 210v, 12 Oct. 1814. The Genevan diarist Anna Eynard noted the socially mixed clientele when the King of Prussia visited, including the shopkeeper class: Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms suppl 1959, pp. 21–22, 13 Oct. 1814. On the Apollosaal, Witzmann, “Wiener Ballkultur,” 135, 138.

¹¹ Fritz-Hilscher, Elisabeth, “Musik und Musikleben rund um den Wiener Kongress (1814/1815) aus der Sicht einiger Zeitzeugen,” Studien zur Musikwissenschaft 57 (2013): 215–39Google Scholar, 219 for entrepreneurs, emphasizing Jan, the Mehlgrube, Zum Römischen Kaiser. Arguing against a democratization of society, Korhonen, Joonas Jussi Sakari, “Urban social space and the development of public dance hall culture in Vienna, 1780–1814,” Urban History 40, 4 (2013): 606–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁸ Copperplate by Carl Rahl of Krafft's painting, Friedensblätter, no. 39 (29 Sept. 1814): facing p. 162; Telesko, Werner, Kulturraum Österreich. Die Identität der Regionen in der bildenden Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts (Wien, 2008), 43–44 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which notes Rahl's engraving circulating independently, and a print by Blasius Höfel appearing soon after.

¹⁹ Kothgasser, in Walter Spiegl, “Das Glas im Biedermeier,” in Bürgersinn Katalog, 214–17, at 214; the Mohns of Dresden and Vienna also produced patriotic glass. On prints and material culture: Vick, Congress, chap. 2.

²⁰ Röder, Thomas, “Beethovens Sieg über die Schlachtenmusik. Opus 91 und die Tradition der Battaglia,” in Beethoven zwischen Revolution und Restauration, ed. Lühning, Helga and Brandenburg, Sieghard (Bonn, 1989), 229–58Google Scholar; Mathew, Nicholas, Political Beethoven (Cambridge, 2013)Google Scholar, chap. 1; Fuchs, Ingrid, “The Glorious Moment—Beethoven and the Congress of Vienna,” in Danmark og Den Dansende Wienerkongres. Spillet om Danmark [Denmark and the Dancing Congress of Vienna. Playing for Denmark's Future], ed. Krog, Ole Villumsen (Copenhagen, 2002), 182–96.Google Scholar

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²² On Congress music: Fritz-Hilscher, “Musik und Musikleben”; and Ladenburger, Michael, “Der Wiener Kongreβ im Spiegel der Musik,” in Beethoven, ed. Lühning and Brandenburg, 275–306 Google Scholar, at 280 on the role of the shift to “Öffentlichkeit.” For Viennese music publications, see the lists in: Weinmann, Alexander, Vollständiges Verlagsverzeichnis Artaria & Comp., 3rd ed. (Vienna, 1985), 107–11Google Scholar, and Weinmann, Vollständiges Verlagsverzeichnis Senefelder, Steiner, Haslinger, 3 vols. (Munich: Katzbichler, 1979–1983), 1:111–12Google Scholar, 119–33, 138.

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²⁵ Gesellschaft adeliger Frauen zur Beförderung des Guten und Nützlichen, Hof- und Staats-Schematismus des österreichischen Kaiserthums (Vienna, 1814), 823–24Google Scholar; Mayr, Wien im Zeitalter Napoleons, 99–100; public notice, quoted at length in Pezzl, Johann, Neue Skizze von Wien, 3 vols. (Vienna, 1812)Google Scholar, 3:107–9, quote 108. The “high service to the fatherland” passage from the 1817 decree appeared verbatim in the earlier document (107). Cf. Grandner, Margarete and Saurer, Edith, “Emanzipation und Religion in der jüdischen Frauenbewegung. Die Faszination der Assoziation,” in idem., eds., Geschlecht, Religion und Engagement. Die jüdischen Frauenbewegungen im deutschsprachigen Raum 19. und frühes 20. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 2005), 8–10 Google Scholar, which underestimates the number of branches.

²⁶ HHStA OMeA 210, no. 584, printed “Nachricht an das Publicum”, 11 Jan. 1814, with reference to the decree of 27 Sept. 1813.

²⁷ Vaterländische Blätter, no. 77 (24 Sept. 1814): 459; Pezzl, Neue Skizze, 3:43–44.

²⁸ On the Musikfreunde and its links to the Noble Ladies: Hanslick, Eduard, Geschichte des Concertwesens in Wien (facs. Farnborough: Gregg, 1971 [1869]), 79, 145–51Google Scholar. Spiel, Hilde, Fanny von Arnstein: Daughter of the Enlightenment, trans. Shuttleworth, Christine (Oxford, 1991), 249–50.Google Scholar

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³¹ The debate over opera and oratorio overlapped but did not fully coincide with that over German and Italian music as national music. See: Applegate, Celia, Bach in Berlin: Nation and Culture in Mendelssohn's Revival of the Passion, St. Matthew (Ithaca, NY, 2005), 49–52 Google Scholar, 115–16, 189–90.

³² Antonicek, Theophil, “‘Vergangenheit muβ unsre Zukunft bilden’: Die patriotische Musikbewegung in Wien und ihr Vorkämpfer Ignaz von Mosel,” Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap 26/27 (1972/1973): 38–49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hanslick, Geschichte, 46–48.

³³ Vaterländische Blätter, no. 15 (19 Feb. 1814): 87–88. On the initially limited market for sacred choral music, Applegate, Bach in Berlin, 189–90, 194.

³⁴ Hanslick, Geschichte, 145; Antonicek, “Die patriotische Musikbewegung.”

³⁵ Antonicek, “Die patriotische Musikbewegung,” 44 for Mosel and Samson.

³⁶ Oesterreichischer Beobachter, no. 106 (16 Apr. 1815): 582.

³⁷ Vaterländische Blätter, nos. 15 and 16 (19 and 23 Feb. 1814): 85–92. The statutes were printed in full in nos. 74–77 (14, 17, 21, and 24 Sept. 1814): 437–42, 445–47, 449–52, 457–59.

³⁸ Judson, Pieter M., “Rethinking the Liberal Legacy,” in Rethinking Vienna 1900, ed. Beller, Steven (New York, 2001), 57–79.Google Scholar

³⁹ Hanslick, Geschichte, 150–51, notes the emphasis on members' equal rights in the organization's statutes, with much also done by lot or rotation, in addition to the representative and elective elements.

⁴⁰ Friedensblätter, no. 29 (9 Mar. 1815): 116.

⁴¹ Mathew, Political Beethoven, 8–9, 109–11.

⁴² Jooss, Birgit, Lebende Bilder: körperliche Nachahmung von Kunstwerken in der Goethezeit (Berlin, 1999)Google Scholar, 323, 334, and passim on the genre; Hanslick, Geschichte, 175–76; Friedensblätter, no. 20 (16 Feb. 1815): 80.

⁴³ Schlossar, Anton, Erzherzog Johann von Oesterreich und sein Einfluss auf das Culturleben der Steiermark. Originalbriefe des Erzherzogs aus den Jahren 1810–1825 (Vienna, 1878)Google Scholar, 20, quoting statutes of 1 Dec. 1811, passim for the Johanneum. See also Telesko, Kulturraum, 379–81.

⁴⁴ Schlossar, Erzherzog Johann, 33–35, 134, 183, 346. The music society, planned from 1815, opened in 1819.

⁴⁵ Oplatka, Andreas, Graf Stephan Széchenyi: Der Mann der Ungarn schuf (Vienna, 2004).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Krueger, Rita, Czech, German, and Noble: Status and National Identity in Habsburg Bohemia (Oxford, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chap. 5, 167 on the visit.

⁴⁷ Hüttl-Hubert, Eva-Maria, “Die edle Leidenschaft. Das ‘Ossolineum’ und sein Schöfper,” in Lemberg/L'viv 1772–1918. Wiederbegegnung mit einer Landeshauptstadt der Donaumonarchie, ed. Bisanz, Hans and Langer, Birgit (Vienna, 1993), 26–29 Google Scholar; Wolff, Larry, The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford, 2010), 81–85 Google Scholar; Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 158. Polytechnic, Vienna, Pezzl, Johann, Neueste Beschreibung von Wien (Vienna, 1822), 235–36.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Weidenholzer, Thomas, “Bürgerliche Geselligkeit und Formen der Öffentlichkeit in Salzburg 1780–1820,” in Bürger zwischen Tradition und Modernität. Bürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie VI, ed. Hoffmann, Robert, in cooperation with Gunda Berth-Scalmani and Thomas Hellmuth (Vienna, 1997), 53–82, 66–70Google Scholar. Weidenholzer posits a shift from “Volksaufklärung” aims to “zweckfreie Geselligkeit” in this period, with the Museum exemplifying the latter, but the reading room and the role of music in the era's patriotic movements show continuity with older enlightened goals.

⁴⁹ On Austrian censorship as strict but not impermeable: Marx, Julius, Die österreichische Zensur im Vormärz (Vienna, 1959)Google Scholar; and Olechowski, Thomas, “Die österreichische Zensur im Vormärz,” in Zensur im Vormärz: Pressefreiheit und Informationskontrolle in Europa, ed. Clemens, Gabriele B. (Ostfildern, 2013), 139–52Google Scholar; emphasizing repressive power: Emerson, Donald E., Metternich and the Political Police: Security and Subversion in the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1830 (The Hague, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Theophil Antonicek, “Musik und Politik,” in Bürgersinn Katalog, 80–82. For Austrian censorship as less effective: Sked, Alan, Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation (Basingstoke, 2008), 139–64Google Scholar. More generally on later liberals' tendency to overstate reactionary Austrian backwardness in the Biedermeier: Fillafer, Franz Leander, “Die Aufklärung in der Habsburgermonarchie und ihr Erbe. Ein Forschungsüberblick,” Zeitschrift für historische Forschung 40, 1 (2013): 35–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁵² HHStA StK Interiora 67 Korresp., Fasz. 1, fols. 225v, 329–329v (23 Feb., 22 Mar. 1814); StK Noten von der Polizeihofstelle 30, Fasz. 1 (1814), fol. 441, Hager to Metternich, 19 Nov.

⁵³ Diabelli, Der 18.te October, 2.

⁵⁴ Sonnleithner, Joseph and Weigl, Joseph, Die Weihe der Zukunft. Eine allegorisch-dramatische Dichtung zur Feyer der Zurückkunft Seiner Majestät des Kaisers Franz (Vienna, 1814)Google Scholar, 13, 38; account of performance, HHStA ZA Prot. 47 (1813–1814), fols. 157v–158; Rossi in Vick, Congress, 56, 98–99.

⁵⁵ For Fidelio as emancipatory: Lühning, Helga, “Florestans Kerker im Rampenlicht. Zur Tradition des Sottoterraneo,” in Beethoven, ed. Lühning and Brandenburg, 137–204 Google Scholar; Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 144. Mathew, Political Beethoven, 65, notes the chorus's role, too, but generally stresses the minister as restorer of order, 67, 133.

⁵⁶ Cook, Nicholas, “The Other Beethoven: Heroism, the Canon, and the Works of 1813–14,” 19th-Century Music 27, 1 (2003): 3–24 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 19–22, “a ritual enactment of communal sentiments” (21); Glanz, Christian, “‘Triumph auf Klängen getragen’: Streiflichter zum Thema Musik und Wiener Kongress,” in Wiener Kongress, ed. Just et al. , 306–19Google Scholar, at 310.

⁵⁷ Weissenbach, Aloys and van Beethoven, Ludwig, Der glorreiche Augenblick. Cantate (Vienna, 1814)Google Scholar, 3, 6, 11. Mathew, Political Beethoven, 115–20, ascribes a purely deferential quality to the Congress cantata and more generally interprets the choruses as “instruments” of social “control”; noting more emancipatory elements, including the choruses, and continuity with the Ninth, Buch, Beethoven's Ninth, 81–88, 91–92, 102; melisma, fugue, Ladenburger, “Wiener Kongreβ,” 303, 305; also for continuity with the Ninth, Cook, “The Other Beethoven,” 22.

⁵⁸ Volksjubel, Mathew, Political Beethoven, 156–67; Weissenbach, Einzug, quote 10, “Jubelchor” again, 3.

⁵⁹ Weissenbach, Aloys, Meine Reise zum Congreβ. Wahrheit und Dichtung (Vienna, 1816), 53–55 Google Scholar, quote 152, 158.

⁶⁰ Weissenbach, Reise, 127–28, 132–33.

⁶¹ Weissenbach, Reise, III, 61–64, 175–83.

⁶² Weidenholzer, “Bürgerliche Geselligkeit,” 68, quote 70.

⁶³ Brauneder, Wilhelm, Oesterreichische Verfassungsgeschichte, 11th ed. (Vienna, 2009), 85–86 Google Scholar, 90; Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 108, comparing Austrian reform to the “defensive modernization” identified for Prussia by Hans-Ulrich Wehler.

⁶⁴ On diets and constitutions in the Habsburg realm: Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 201–2, 205; Vick, Congress, 248–50, 257–58; Laven, David, Venice and Venetia Under the Habsburgs, 1815–1835 (Oxford, 2002), 70–71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Estates constitutions as powerless against the increasingly centralized government: Brauneder, Verfassungsgeschichte, 90–91, 96–103; Prutsch, Markus J. and Schlegelmilch, Arthur, “Österreich,” in Handbuch der europäischen Verfassungsgeschichte im 19. Jahrhundert. Institutionen und Rechtspraxis im gesellschaftlichen Wandel, ed. Daum, Werner et al. , 4 vols. (Bonn, 2006–[2012]), 2:993–1040Google Scholar, 998–1000. Others emphasize the continuing strength of the Estates and nobility to resist reforms from the center, as Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 153. Godsey, William D., “Habsburg Government and Intermediary Authority under Joseph II (1780–1790): The Estates of Lower Austria in Comparative Perspective,” Central European History 46, 4 (2013): 699–740 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, demonstrates that Austrian Stände were less weakened and centralized under Joseph II than often thought, particularly in their financial roles, and recovered somewhat under Leopold II.

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⁶⁶ On conceptions of federative nationhood as a broader European phenomenon: Vick, Congress, 266–77.

⁶⁷ Hagemann, “Patriotism and Masculinity,” 49–51, on “regional-patriotic poetry” appealing to other groups than German (but seeing this type as opposed to German-centered appeals rather than complementary). On the connections between the patriotic music circle and Stadion's supporters: Antonicek, “Die patriotische Musikbewegung,” 40–43; Buch, Beethoven's Ninth, 63.

⁶⁸ Jansen, Lena, Karoline Pichlers Schaffen und Weltanschauung im Rahmen ihrer Zeit (Graz, 1936)Google Scholar; Robert, André, L'idée nationale autrichienne et les guerres de Napoléon: L'apostolat du Baron de Hormayr et le salon de Caroline Pichler (Paris, 1933).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ On the Tirolean and Vorarlbergian use of the term “nation”: Telesko, Kulturraum, 288, 351–52.

⁷⁰ Telesko, Geschichtsraum, 48–52, 314–20, Stadion quote 51; von Collin, Heinrich J., Lieder Oesterreichischer Wehrmänner. Erste Abtheilung (Vienna, 1809)Google Scholar, quote 5; civil liberties, 6.

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⁷² Telesko, Kulturraum, quote, 15, 379, and 379–81 on the Johanneum; quoted more fully in Schlossar, Erzherzog Johann, 156–57, Johann to Johann von Kalchberg, 17 Apr. 1817.

⁷³ Oesterreichischer Beobachter, no. 317 (13 Nov. 1814): 1733.

⁷⁴ HHStA OMeA 207 (1814), no. 327, “Nachricht von dem grossen Volksfeste”; Oesterreichischer Beobachter, no. 281 (8 Oct. 1814): 1531; “J. Knillingers Wachs– und Naturalienkabinet,” Hesperus, no. 37 (July 1814): 289–92.

⁷⁵ Schindler's Friedensfest, Wien Museum Karlsplatz, #45.953, 1815; Wiener Zeitung, no. 110 (20 April 1815): 753, “Favoritspiel für Gesellschaften.”

⁷⁶ Sonnleithner and Weigl, Weihe der Zukunft; performance covered in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, no. 29 (20 July, 1814): 489–90; on the anthem and the community-building significance of collective singing practices: Buch, Beethoven's Ninth, 55–60, and Mathew, Political Beethoven, 150–56. Mathew finds the song more “supranational” than national (154), but also quotes the final verse, with its joining of Franz's “peoples” as “One, through brotherly bonds” (152).

⁷⁷ Hanslick, Geschichte, 149, Musikfreunde folksongs; Schlossar, Erzherzog Johann, 32, 388.

⁷⁸ HHStA StK Vorträge 197 (1815), 18 April, fols. 644–647, quote, 645; also in: Haas, Arthur G., Metternich, Reorganization, and Nationality 1813–1818: A Story of Foresight and Frustration in the Rebuilding of the Austrian Empire (Wiesbaden, 1963), 75–77 Google Scholar, 167–69; Wolff, Galicia, 79–81.

⁷⁹ On Linde, Hüttl-Hubert, “Die edle Leidenschaft,” 27, Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 158; on the university, Wolff, Galicia, 81–85.

⁸⁰ Haas, Reorganization, 60–62; quotes, HHStA StK Interiora Korresp. 67, Fasz. 2, fols. 218–219v, Metternich to Hudelist, 15 May 1814. Tischler, Ulrike, Die habsburgische Politik gegenüber den Serben und Montenegrinern 1791–1822. Förderung oder Vereinnahmung? (Munich, 2000), 367–73Google Scholar, 376–77.

⁸¹ Monti, Rumpler, Mitteleuropa, 165; Academy, HHStA StA Ital. Staaten StK Rom 9, Weisungen 1814, fol. 51–51v, Metternich to Lebzeltern, 27 Aug. See Siemann, Wolfram, Metternich. Staatsmann zwischen Restauration und Moderne (Munich, 2010), 107–8.Google Scholar

⁸² Vick, Congress, chap. 3 on salons, 56 on illuminations; for the triumphal arch: HHStA Neu.ZA, R XV, Hofreisen 1814, Kart. 318, no. 58, memo of 17 Nov. 1813; in general on burgher participation in entry ceremonies: Vocelka, Karl, “Höfische Feste als Phänomene sozialer Integration und internationaler Kommunikation. Studien zur Transferfunktion habsburgischer Feste im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,” in Metropolen und Kulturtransfer im 15./16. Jahrhundert. Prag-Krakau-Danzig-Wien, ed. Langer, Andrea and Michels, Georg (Stuttgart, 2001), 141–50Google Scholar, 142–44, 146.

⁸³ Mittenzwei, Wiens frühe Bourgeoisie.

⁸⁴ Sandgruber, Roman, Die Anfänge der Konsumgesellschaft: Konsumgüterverbrauch, Lebensstandard und Alltagskultur in Österreich im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1982).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Okey, Robin, The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse (Basingstoke, 2001)Google Scholar, 61.

⁸⁶ For the influence of broader political culture on diplomacy: Vick, Congress, passim.

⁸⁷ North, Material Delight, 123, 213.