¹ Waltraud, Heindl, Gehorsame Rebellen. Bürokratie und Beamte in Österreich 1780 bis 1848 (Vienna, 1990).Google Scholar

² Ibid., 142–59.

³ Ibid., 155.

⁴ Ibid., 155–59.

⁵ For research on the foreign ministry, see Godsey, William D. Jr, Aristocratic Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War (West Lafayette, 1999)Google Scholar; Helmut, Rumpler, ‘Die rechtlich-organisatorischen und sozialen Rahmenbedingungen fur die AuCenpolitik der Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918,’ in Die Habsburgermonarchie, vol. 4, part 1, Die Habsburgermonarchie im System der internationalen Beziehungen, ed. Adam, Wandruszka and Peter, Urbanitsch (Vienna, 1989), 1–121Google Scholar; Éva, Somogyi, ‘Magyar Diplomaták a közsös külügyminisztériumban’ [Hungarian diplomats in the common Ministry of Foreign Affairs], in Századok. A Magyar történelmi társulat folyóirata. Az alapitás Éve 1867. Különlenyomat [Centuries: The journal of the Hungarian Historical Society. Founded in 1867. Offprint] 138, no. 3 (2004): 602–72Google Scholar; and Somogyi, , ‘Im Dienst der Monarchic oder der Nation? Ungarische Führungsbeamte am Ballhausplatz,’ Österreichische Osthefte 44, nos. 3–4 (2002): 596–626.Google Scholar

⁶ Alan, Sked, The Survival of the Habsburg Empire: Radetzky, the Imperial Army and the Class War, 1848 (London, 1979), chap. 1.Google Scholar

⁷ Heindl, , Gehorsame Rebellen, 140.Google Scholar

⁸ Herbert, Matis, Austria's leading economic historian, first pointed out to me the value of Turnbull's volumes many years ago.Google Scholar See Peter, Evan Turnbull, Austria, 2 vols. (London, 1840).Google Scholar For his figure for the number of civil servants, see Ibid., 2:241.

⁹ Ibid., 2:248.

¹⁰ Ibid., 2:244.

¹¹ Raymond, Grew, ‘The Nineteenth-Century European State,’ in Statemaking and Social Movements: Essays in History and Theory, ed. Charles, Bright and Susan, Harding (Ann Arbor, 1987), 83–120, esp. 87.Google Scholar

¹² Hamerow, Theodore S., The Birth of a New Europe: State and Society in the Nineteenth Century (Chapel Hill, 1983), 264. On page 263, he gives the figures for British civil servants employed by central government as 50,000 in 1881 and 116,000 in 1901. These again demonstrate, given the figures in the main text, just how difficult it is to find reliable, never mind comparable, statistics.Google Scholar

¹³ Anderson, Eugene N. and Anderson, Pauline R., Political Institutions and Social Change in Continental Europe in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967), 167. It is not clear whether England refers to the entire United Kingdom in this case.Google Scholar

¹⁴ G. E., Aylmer, ‘Bureaucracy,’ in The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. 13, Companion Volume, ed. Peter, Burke (Cambridge, 1979).Google Scholar On the other hand, there are some (economic) statistics on Austria Hungary in Mitchell, B. R., European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970 (Stanford, 1978).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Turnbull, , Austria, 2:242.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid., 2:244.

¹⁷ Ibid., 2:390–91.

¹⁸ Ibid., 2:391.

¹⁹ See Alan, Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918, 2nd ed. (London, 2001), 294–99.Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibid., 280–99: ‘Metternich's Austria as a Josephinist State.’

²¹ Research has been done, of course, on the foreign ministry, as Heindl points out. What is missing is research on the home civil service. See note 5.

²² A. Lawrence, Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, 2 vols. (London, 1986).Google Scholar Austria-Hungary is dealt with in Ibid., 2:70–179.

²³ Ibid., 2:78.

²⁴ Ibid., 2:78.

²⁵ Ibid., 2:78–79.

²⁶ Ibid., 2:79.

²⁷ For these examples, see Ibid., 2:80–82.

²⁸ Ibid., 2:82–83.

²⁹ Ibid.,2:83nl.

³⁰ Ibid., 2:84.

³¹ Ibid., 2:84.

³² Ibid., 2:82.

³³ Ibid., 2:82.

³⁴ Rudolf, Sieghart, Die Letzten jahrzehnte einer Crossmacht. Menschen, Völker, Probleme des Habsburger-Reichs (Berlin, 1932), 265–69.Google Scholar

³⁵ Ibid., 265.

³⁶ Ibid., 268.

³⁷ Ibid., 269.