1 Flecknoe, Richard, A Farrago of Several Pieces, being a supplement to his poems, characters, heroick portraits, etc. (London, 1666), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

2 PRO, SP 29.246.145, Mr Thomas Povey to Williamson (25 September 1668). It is not clear whether Povey was visiting Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire, William Cavendish's main family seat, or Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire.

3 Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 109 (a fair copy).

4 British Library (hereafter BL), Harleian MS 4955, fol. 4or, ‘To the Right Honorable Viscount Mansfield: On his horsemanship, and Stable', by Ben Jonson.

5 Faulkner, Patrick, Bolsover Castle (Department of the Environment, 1972), pp. 52–53 Google Scholar; Girouard, Mark, Robert Smythson and the Architecture of the Elizabethan Era (London, 1966), p. 202 and pp. 216–21 dates the range to the 1660sGoogle Scholar; in Robert Smythson and the Elizabethan Country House (New Haven and London), 1983, p. 301, he argues for a pre-Civil War date.Google Scholar

6 BL, Add. MS 70499, fol. 356r.

7 PRO, Prob.11, quire 22 (formerly PCC Hale, quire 22).

8 University of Nottingham, Hallward Library, Department of Special Collections and Manuscripts, (hereafter 'UN’) Pw 1 553, fols 1r–2r.

9 The Royal Institute of British Architects Drawings Collection, The Smythson Collection 111/6(3), ‘Coronall: Sisfells House in The Strande'; III/6(i), Fulke Grevile's house.

10 Girouard, , Robert Smythson, pp. 300–02.Google Scholar

11 Ibid., p. 283.

12 Sheppard, Richard, ‘Bolsover Castle: Archaeological Recording in the Riding House Range, 1999–2000', unpublished report, Trent and Peak Archaeological Unit, 2001.Google Scholar

13 Girouard, Mark, ‘Early Drawings of Bolsover Castle', Architectural History, 27 (1984), pp. 510–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar; William, Cavendish, Méthode et Invention nouvelle de dresser les Chevaux (Anvers, 1657–58)Google Scholar.

14 BL, Add MS 70499, fol. 355V.

15 Howard, R. E. et al., ‘Tree-ring analysis of timbers from the Riding School, Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire, 2000', Nottingham University Tree Ring Dating Laboratory unpublished report for English Heritage, 2000.Google Scholar

16 Cavendish, Margaret, The Life of the thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Marquess and Earl of Newcastle (London, 1667), p. 74.Google Scholar

17 Cavendish, Margaret, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy: To which is added, The Description of a New Blazing World, 2nd edn (London, 1668), p. 109; UN Pw 1 669.Google Scholar

18 The Nottinghamshire Archives (hereafter ‘NA’), DD.4P.70.1.

19 NA, DD.P6.4.4.1.

20 NA, DDP.50.54.

21 UN, Pw 1 624/2, ‘Worke donn at Bolsover Castle by Joseph Jackson besides what hee Contracted for in the year 1666.'

22 UN, Pw 1 624/3 (1667), ‘the Areaeres w^ch Josef Gackson is andapted to his Grace the Duke of NewCastell.'

23 College of Arms, MS RR.19E.A, Bassano, Richard, ‘Derbyshire Church Notes’ (c. 1710), p. 37.Google Scholar

24 Vertue, George, ‘Note Book II', The Walpole Society, 20 (1932), pp. 32–33 Google Scholar; Pegge, Samuel, Sketch of the History of Bolsover and Peak Castles (London, 1785), p. 23.Google Scholar

25 NA, DD2P.24.73.

26 For a full discussion, see Addyman, Tom, “The Riding House Range: Bolsover Castle', unpublished report for English Heritage, 2002.Google Scholar

27 UN, Pw 1 624/1.

28 College of Arms, RR.19E.A, p. 37.

29 UN, Pw 1 624/1.

30 Engraving by Lucas Vorstermans after Abraham Diepenbeke, of the Riding House, Welbeck Abbey, in Cavendish, William, Methode Nouvelle, pl. 8, following p. 18Google Scholar.

31 Goulding, Richard W., ‘Henrietta Countess of Oxford', The Transactions of the Thornton Society, 27 (1923), P.33.Google Scholar

32 Smythson Collection III/15 (5–6), John Smithson's undated plan and elevation of the stable at Welbeck Abbey.

33 Smythson Collection III/2, John Smithson's ‘Platforme of The Stabell At Clyftone: Nottinghamshire Januaye : Y^e: 20th: 1632:'.

34 Balliol College Archives, MS B.21.24. See below for discussion.

35 Faulkner, , Bolsover Castle, p. 15.Google Scholar

36 Engraving by Corn, van Caukercken after Abraham Diepenbeke of the stable, Welbeck Abbey, in Cavendish, William, Méthode Nouvelle, pl. 8, following p. 18.Google Scholar

37 Smythson Collection 111/15(3-4), John Smithson's designs for the Riding House at Welbeck Abbey.

38 Ibid.; Thoroton, Robert, The antiquities of Nottinghamshire, extracted out of records, original evidences, Leiger Books, other Manuscripts, and Authentick Authorities(London, 1677), p. 453.Google Scholar

39 Pevsner, Nikolaus and Williamson, Elizabeth, The Buildings of England, Nottinghamshire (Harmondsworth, 1979), p. 367, are mistaken, nor is the seventeenth-century roof mentioned in the building's list description.Google Scholar

40 BL, Add. MS 15545, fols 68–69, Samual Grimm's eighteenth-century sketches of the Riding House at Welbeck.

41 Girouard, , Robert Smythson, p. 302 Google Scholar; Arthur Sandford Strong, A catalogue of letters and other historical documents exhibited in the library at Welbeck (London, 1903), pp. 56–57.Google Scholar

42 UN, Pw 1 669.

43 NA, DD.4P.70.12.

44 Cavendish, Margaret, The Life, p. 142.Google Scholar

45 Smythson Collection 1/14, Robert Smythson's plan and drawings of the Prince's Riding School.

46 See Worsley, Giles, ‘The Design and Development of the Stable and Riding House in Great Britain from the 13th Century to 1914', Ph.D. thesis, The Courtauld Institute of Art, 1989, and ‘A Courtly Art: the history of haute école in England', The Court Historian, 6.1 (2001), pp. 29–48.Google Scholar

47 Grant, Douglas, Margaret the First. A Biography of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (London, 1957), p. 134.Google Scholar

48 Clijmans, Frederick, The Reconstruction of the House and Studio of Rubens (Antwerp, 1947), p. 53 Google Scholar; J. Tijs, Rutger, Rubens en Jordaens Bank in Eigen Huis (Antwerp, 1983), p. 143.Google Scholar

49 Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 109, p. 52.

50 Cavendish, William, A New Method, and Extraordinary Invention, to Dress Horses (London, 1667), p. 13 Google Scholar; L. Raber, Karen, ‘“Reasonable Creatures”, William Cavendish and the Art of Dressage', in Renaissance Culture and the Everyday, ed. Fumerton, Patricia and Hunt, Simon (Perm, 1999), pp. 42–66 (p. 59).Google Scholar

51 UN, Pw 1 315.

52 UN, Pw 1 74.

53 BL, Add. MS 70499, fol. 206.

54 Ibid., fol. 174.

55 UN, Pw V 25/13, fol. 151.

56 BL, Add. MS 70499, fol. 196.

57 Cavendish, William, A New Method, pp. b–b2.Google Scholar

58 Ibid., p. (c)2v.

59 Cavendish, Margaret, The Life, p. 77.Google Scholar

60 Wotton, Henry, The Elements of Architecture; collected by Henry Wotton, Knight, from the best authors and examples (London, 1624), p. 82.Google Scholar

61 Butler, Martin, Theatre in Crisis, 1632-42 (Cambridge, 1984), p. 195.Google Scholar

62 P. Slaughter, Thomas (ed.) Ideology and Politics on the Eve of Restoration: Newcastle's Advice to Charles II (Philadelphia, 1984), p. xii Google Scholar; Condren, Conal, ‘Casuistry to Newcastle: The Prince in the World of the Book', in Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, ed. Phillipson, Nigel and Skinner, Quentin (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 164-86 (p. 183).Google Scholar

63 Oswald, Arthur, ‘A Sight-Seeing Tour in 1676, The Diary of John Conyers of Walthamstow', Country Life, 106 (1949), p. 529.Google Scholar

64 BL, Harleian MS 4955, fol. 4or. A similar relationship between ‘native’ and ‘classical’ is discussed in John Peacock, ‘Jonson and Jones collaborate on Prince Henry's Barriers', Word & Image, 3.2 (April-June 1987), pp. 172-94.

65 Girouard, , Robert Smythson, pp. 206–32Google Scholar; Strong, Roy, Henry, Prince of Wales and England's Lost Renaissance (London, 1986), pp. 134–35.Google Scholar

66 Keen, Maurice, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), p. 249.Google Scholar

67 Nichols, John, The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First, 4 vols (London, 1828), 11, pp. 338–39.Google Scholar

68 Ibid., in, pp. 215, 473.

69 Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 109, p. 71; see also Cavendish, William, A New Method, p. 13 Google Scholar, ‘What more Glorious or Manly, than, at great Marriages of Princes, to Run at the Ring, or Tilt, or Course at the Field?'

70 C. McCoy, Richard, The Rites of Knighthood, The Literature and Politics of Elizabethan Chivalry (Berkeley and London, 1989), p. 18 Google Scholar; see also Young, Alan, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London, 1987).Google Scholar

71 The household's ‘ffalconer’ in mentioned in UN, Pw 1 670 and BL, Add. MS 70499, fol. 231.

72 Lambeth Palace Library, MS 702, fol. 47, expenses of Thomas Coke, 1604.

73 BL, Harleian MS 4955, fol. 39r, ‘They talke of fenceing, and the use of Armes / The Art of urgeing, and avoiding harmes …', lines 19-22.

74 BL, Harleian MS 4206.

75 Rushworth, John, Historical Collections, Part 2, 2 vols (London, 1680), ii, p. 946.Google Scholar

76 Ibid., Part 3,2 vols (London, 1691), ii, p. 138; Adamson, J. S. A., ‘Chivalry and Political Culture in Caroline England', in Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England, ed. Sharpe, Kevin and Lake, Peter (Basingstoke, 1993), pp. 161-97 (p. 182).Google Scholar

77 A. Esdaile, Katherine, English Church Monuments, 1510–1840 (London, 1946), p. 101.Google Scholar

78 Wilks, T. V., “The Court Culture of Prince Henry and his circle 1603-1633', D.Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1987, p. A2.Google Scholar

79 Eiche, Sabine, ‘Prince Henry's Richmond, The Project by Costantino de'Servi', Apollo, cxlviii, 441 (November 1998), pp. 10–14 (P. 14)Google Scholar. We are grateful to Mark Girouard for this reference.

80 F. Horatio Brown (ed.), C.S.P. Venetian (London, 1905), xn, p. 388, quoting dispatches of Gussoni (17 June 1612); Bodleian Library, Stowe MS 172, fol. 2241, letter by Sir Henry Wotton (28 March 1612).

81 Stoye, John, English Travellers Abroad, 1604-1667 (London, 1989), p. 32.Google Scholar

82 Ibid., p. 36.

83 Cavendish, William, A New Method, p. 3 Google Scholar; BL, Add. MS 70499, fol. 184.

84 Cavendish, Margaret, The Life, p. 142.Google Scholar

85 de Pluvinel, Antoine, L'instruction du Roy en l'exercise de monter a cheval (Paris, 1627), fig. 5Google Scholar; BL, Harleian 4955, fol. 186, ‘Vindiciae Jonsonianae', by R. Goodwin.

86 Cavendish, William, A New Method, p. 5.Google Scholar

87 UN, Pw 1 595; Mazine is shown on horseback in the plates in William Cavendish, Méthode et Invention nouvelle.

88 W. F. Webster (ed.) Nottinghamshire Heath Tax Returns 1664:1674, Thoroton Society Record Series, 37 (1988), p. 43; Robert Thoroton, The Antiquities of Nottinghamshire, p. 436.

89 Raylor, Timothy, ‘“Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue”: William Cavendish, Ben Jonson and the Decorative Scheme of Bolsover Castle', Renaissance Quarterly, 52 (1999), pp. 402–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

90 Berzaghi, Renato, II valazzo Ducale di Mantova (Milan, 1992), pp. 51,61Google Scholar; Worsley, Lucy, ‘A Set of Seventeenth Century Caesars from Bolsover Castle', English Heritage Collections Review, 2 (1999), pp. 61–65.Google Scholar

91 Timothy Raylor, ‘Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue'; Verheyen, Egon, The Palazzo del Te in Mantua (Baltimore and London, 1977), p. 29 Google Scholar (the sala dei cavalli is illustrated on p. 98).

92 They are mentioned in a 1695 inventory of Welbeck quoted by Goulding, R. W., revised Adams, Catalogue of the Pictures of the Duke of Portland (London, 1936), p. 114 Google Scholar. Another inventory states that ‘twelve large pictures of horses’ remained in 1717, NA DD.4P.39.55, p. 9.

93 Balliol College Archives, MS B.21.24.

94 Young, Alan, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London, 1987), pp. 91,108.Google Scholar

95 Cavendish, Margaret, The Life, p. 79 Google Scholar. We are grateful to Mark Girouard for his suggestion that it might have been a college.

96 BL, Thomason Tracts, E 783, Sr Balthazar Gerbier, Knight, “The Interpreter of the Academie for Forrain Langvages, and all Noble Sciences, and Excercises'.

97 Ross Williamson, Hugh, Four Stuart Portraits (London, 1949), p. 51 Google Scholar. We are grateful to Giles Worsley for this reference.

98 Andrews, C. B. (ed.) The Torrington Diaries, 4 vols (London, 1935), 11, pp. 34–35.Google Scholar

99 PRO, SP.16.55.26, William Cavendish to the Duke of Buckingham (27 February 1627).

100 PRO, SP.81.19.176, John Woodford to Sir Fras. Nethersole (7 November 1620).

101 Cavendish, Margaret, The Life, p. 67.Google Scholar

102 Cavendish, William, A New Method, p. b2.Google Scholar

103 L. Raber, Karen, ‘Reasonable Creatures', pp. 42–66.Google Scholar

104 Cavendish, William, A New Method, pp. 7,9.Google Scholar

105 Quoted by Firth, C. H. (ed.) in The Life of William Cavendish(London, 1886), p. 357.Google Scholar

106 Cavendish, William, A New Method, p. b2v.Google Scholar

107 Cavendish, Margaret, New Blazing World, p. 110.Google Scholar

108 Cavendish, William, A New Method, p. 5.Google Scholar

109 The Huntingdon Library, San Marino, California, Bridgwater MS 8117, quoted by Worsley, Giles ‘The Development of the Stable and Riding House', pp. 324–25.Google Scholar

110 Gregory, F. W. C., ‘Bolsover Castle', The British Architect (20 February 1903), p. 134.Google Scholar

111 UN, Pw V 25/13, fol. 17V.

112 Henry Parker, John (ed.) The Autobiography of Dr. William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury and Martyr (Oxford, 1829), p. 22.Google Scholar

113 UN, Clifton MS, Clc.231, Sir Gervase Clifton to Mr Hughes (4 July 1639).

114 Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Macray, W. D. (ed.), 6 vols (Oxford, 1988), in, pp. 382–83.Google Scholar

115 Ibid., p. 382.

116 SirPhilip, Warwick, Memoires of the Reigne of Charles I(London, 1701), p. 235.Google Scholar

117 Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 23, fol. 230r, notes on events in the north, n.d., Clarendon's own hand.

118 SirPhilip, Warwick, Memoires, p. 236.Google Scholar

119 Clarendon, , Rebellion, in, p. 383.Google Scholar

120 BL, Thomason Tracts, E 279(2), ‘The Character of an Oxford-Incendiary’ (London, 26 April 1645), p. 7.

121 Rosalys Coope's research for the Department of the Environment in the 1970s is supplemented by Raylor, Timothy, ‘Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue', pp. 402–39.Google Scholar

122 The river can be seen in William Senior's 1629 survey of Welbeck and the Smythson Collection 111/15(1), John Smithson's undated plan and elevation of the stable at Welbeck Abbey. We are grateful to Richard Lea for pointing out the Hercules connexion.

123 BL, Harleian 4955, fol. 40r.

124 PRO, SP.29.246.145.

125 Clarendon, , Rebellion, in, p. 383.Google Scholar