1 On the sources for Strawberry Hill see McCarthy, Michael, The Origins of the Gothic Revival (New Haven, 1987), p. 80 Google Scholar. James Wyatt derived the Revelation Chamber at Fonthill from the mausoleum of King João I at Batalha, via Murphy's, James Plans, Elevations, Sections and Views of the Church of Batalha in the Province of Estremadura in Portugal (London, 1795)Google Scholar, which his patron William Beckford visited in 1794. A handful of earlier nineteenth-century churches drew explicitly on continental models; for the most famous example, neo-Romanesque rather than neo-Gothic, see Jackson, Neil, ‘Christ Church, Streatham, and the Rise of Constructional Polychromy', Architectural History, 43 (2000), pp. 219–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 See most recently Brooks, Chris, The Gothic Revival (London, 1999), pp. 297–305 Google Scholar, and Mordaunt Crook, J., ‘Benjamin Webb (1819–85) and Victorian Ecclesiology’, Studies in Church History, 33 (1997), pp. 423–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Acutely analyzed by Brooks, , Gothic Revival, pp. 23–82 Google Scholar. Mordaunt Crook, J., John Carter and the Mind of the Gothic Revival, Society of Antiquaries, Occasional Papers XVII (London, 1995), p. 68, n. 28Google Scholar, lists some of the recent literature on English nationalism during the period.

4 The Builder's Magazine (London, 1774–78), part II, p. 64 Google Scholar.

5 An argument still in evidence when the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt after 1834: see e.g. Col. Jackson, J. R., Observations … on the New Houses of Parliament (London, 1837)Google Scholar, quoted in The Architectural Magazine, 4 (1837), p. 198 Google Scholar

6 On the new churches see Port, M. H., Six Hundred New Churches: a Study of the Church Building Commission, 1815–56, and its Church Building Activities (London, 1961)Google Scholar. For the religious associations of Gothic see Bradley, Simon, ‘The Roots of Ecclesiology: late Hanoverian attitudes to medieval churches’, in Webster, Christopher and Elliott, John (eds), A Church as it Should Be (Stamford, Lines., 2000), pp. 22–28.Google Scholar

7 Threats to ancient buildings in the later 1820s and 1830s routinely raised the darkest political forebodings: see Bradley, Simon, The Gothic Revival and the Church of England 1790–1840, (doctoral thesis, University of London, 1996), pp. 138–59.Google Scholar

8 Hussey, Christopher, The Picturesque: Studies in a Point of View (London, 1927), p. 119 Google Scholar. By the third edition of the Observations (1792) these claims had been abandoned, and no opinion on the national origin of Gothic was put forward (pp. 13–18).

9 Gilpin, William, Observations Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, 2 vols (London, 1786), 1, pp. 12–15 Google Scholar. Horace Walpole, who knew Gilpin and who seems to have urged publication on him, echoed this opinion concerning French Gothic in a letter to Joseph Cooper Walker, 21 December 1790 ( Lewis, W. S. (ed.), The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence, 47 vols (Yale, 1937–83), XXIX, p. 101, XLII, pp. 305–06Google Scholar).

10 Observations, i, p. 16; Christopher Wren, cf., Parentalia (London, 1750), p. 297 Google Scholar. For the other well-established and opposing belief, that the style represented a corruption of classical architecture in the wake of the Gothic invasions, see Frankl, Paul, The Gothic: literary sources and interpretations through eight centuries (Princeton, 1960), pp. 284–314.Google Scholar

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13 Milner, John, A Dissertation on the Modern Style of Altering Antient Cathedrals (London, 1798), p. 51.Google Scholar

14 Dictionary of National Biography; see e.g. Milner, John, The History, Civil and Ecclesiastical, and Survey cf the Antiquities of Winchester, 2 vols (Winchester, 1798), I, p. 6.Google Scholar

15 Milner, , Winchester, II, p. 153 Google Scholar. This part of the church is now generally dated later in the twelfth century: see Pevsner, Nikolaus and Lloyd, David, The Buildings of England: Hamphire and the Isle of Wight (Harmondsworth, 1967), p. 707.Google Scholar

16 Bentham, James, The History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Ely (London, 1771), p. 37 Google Scholar.

17 The Society of Antiquaries, Some Account of the Cathedral Church of Durham (London, 1801), p. 3 Google Scholar. Some such tradition seems to have survived into the nineteenth century, at least in Normandy: see e.g. MrsStothard, Charles, Letters Written During a Tour Through Normandy, Brittany and other Parts of France (London, 1820), p. 21.Google Scholar

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19 Evans, Joan, A History of the Society of Antiquaries (Oxford, 1956) p. 214 Google Scholar; Walter Scott, Ivanhoe (1819), ch. 44. See also Bowler, Peter J., The Invention of Progress: the Victorians and the Past (Oxford, 1989), pp. 22–23.Google Scholar

20 Warton found the Saracen theory plausible and considered that the Gothic style appeared on the Continent first, though he was unable to identify any datable Moorish buildings that might have inspired its creators ( Essays on Gothic Architecture (London, 1800), pp. 109-15Google Scholar).

21 Quarterly Review, 4 (1809), p. 143 Google Scholar; Mant, Richard, Church Architecture Considered (Belfast, 1843), p. iv Google Scholar. The importance of the Essays has long been recognized: see Clark, Kenneth, The Gothic Revival (London, 1928), 1964 edn, p. 60.Google Scholar

22 Essays (London, 1800), pp. iii, viii, xi-xxivGoogle ScholarPubMed. Bentham died in 1794, Grose (author of the Antiquities of England and Wales, 1773–87) in 1791, Warton (editor of Spenser's Faerie Queene, 1762) in 1790.

23 Wilkins, William, ‘An Account of the Prior's Chapel at Ely’, Archaeologia, xiv (1803), pp. 106–08Google Scholar; Beazley, Samuel, ‘An Essay on the Rise and Progress of Gothic Architecture’, pp. 29, 40–43, in Essays cf the London Architectural Society (London, 1808)Google Scholar; The Beauties of England and Wales, 18 vols (London, 1801–16, various authors), iv (1803), pp. 418-19, vi (1805), pp. 109–12, both by E. W. Brayley, xm part I (1813), p. 232, by Joseph Nightingale; Millers, , A Description of the Cathedral Church of Ely (London, 1807), pp. 15–16, 31.Google Scholar On Wilkins see also Liscombe, R. W, William Wilkins 1779–1839 (London, 1980), p. 21 Google Scholar. Nightingale and Millers both also accepted the usage of ‘English’ for the style, following Carter's linguistic analogy. The counter-argument of Robert Smirke, that Italy had priority in the style, was shot down by Sir Henry Englefield, a member of the Carter-Milner axis: see their papers in Archaeologia, xv (1806), pp. 363–72.Google Scholar

24 Britton, John, The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain, 5 vols (London, 1807–26), I (1807), Malmesbury Abbey section, p. 3 Google Scholar; Dallaway, James, Anecdotes of the Arts in England (London, 1800), pp. 9–14 Google Scholar, Observations on English Architecture (London, 1806), p. 14 Google ScholarPubMed. Cf. Carter's, John statement that Milner's theory ‘now gains ground in general belief’, in The Itineraries of Archbishop Baldwin, ed. SirColt Hoare, Richard (London, 1806)Google Scholar, reprinted in Carter, John, The Progress of Architecture (London, 1830), pp. 10–11 Google Scholar. On the antiquarian publisher John Britton see Mordaunt Crook, J., ‘John Britton and the Genesis of the Gothic Revival’, in Concerning Architecture: Essays on Architectural Writers and Writing Presented to Nikolaus Pevsner, ed. Summerson, John (Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 98–119.Google Scholar

25 Aberdeen, a philhellene, confessed to finding the subject ‘not in itself very generally interesting’ ( Whittington, G. D., An Historical Survey of the Ecclesiastical Antiquities of France (London, 1809), p. xiv Google Scholar). For the origin and progress of the book see Liscombe, , William Wilkins, pp. 21–23.Google Scholar

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27 Whittington, , Historical Survey, pp. 109–10Google Scholar. The arcade openings towards the aisles are more likely to be an original feature lighting the gallery space ( Pevsner, and Lloyd, , Hampshire, p. 709 Google Scholar).

28 Whittington, , Historical Survey, pp. 51, 64–65,130–32.Google Scholar

29 On Salisbury see Wren, Christopher, Parentalia (London, 1750), pp. 303–08Google Scholar, and Price, Francis, A Series of Particular and Useful Observations upon that Admirable Structure, the Cathedral Church of Salisbury (London, 1753)Google Scholar, passim.

30 Pevsner, Nikolaus, Some Architectural Writers of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1972), pp. 19–20 Google Scholar; Frankl, , The Gothic, pp. 498–99Google Scholar; Brooks, , Gothic Revival, p. 137.Google Scholar

31 Gentleman's Magazine, 79 (1809), pp. 523–26, 627–30, 929–31.Google Scholar

32 See Husenbeth, EC., The Life of the Right Rev. John Milner D.D. (Dublin, 1862), p. 189 Google Scholar. The Cyclopaedia appeared serially in 1802-20.

33 Milner, , Treatise, pp. 85–88, 133Google Scholar. The first argument was spurious because Whittington made a clear distinction between Suger's work and the thirteenth-century rebuilding of the nave and transepts ( Whittington, , Historical Survey, p. 111 Google Scholar).

34 Milner, , Treatise, pp. ix–xi.Google Scholar

35 Quarterly Review, II (1809), p. 141 Google Scholar; H., and Shine, H. C., The Quarterly Review under Gifford: Identification of Contributors 1809-1824 (Chapel Hill, 1949).Google Scholar

36 Mitford, William, Principles of Design in Architecture (London, 1809/10), pp. 110, 295Google Scholar. The first, anonymous edition seems not to have appeared until 1810, with the footnote already included; editions of 1819 and 1824 were published under Mitford's own name.

37 Dodsworth, William, An Historical Account of the Episcopal See and Cathedral Church of Sarum or Salisbury (Salisbury, 1814), p. 126.Google Scholar

38 Haggitt, William, Two tetters to a Fellow of the Society of Antiquities on the Subject of Gothic Architecture (London, 1813), pp. 21–22 Google Scholar; compare with n. 27, above.

39 Haggitt, , Two Letters, p. 59.Google Scholar

40 Haggitt, , Two Letters, pp. 29, 73-74.Google Scholar

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42 Quarterly Review, VI (1811), pp. 67–70 Google Scholar; Shine, The Quarterly Review under Gijford.

43 Quarterly Review, VI (1811), pp. 69–71 Google Scholar; Milner, cf., Treatise, pp. 103–08Google Scholar; Whittington, , Historical Survey, pp. 142–57Google Scholar. The chapter house at York is now thought to have been begun c. 1275 ( Pevsner, Nikolaus and Neave, David, The Buildings of England: Yorkshire: York and the East Riding (London, 1995), p. 134 Google Scholar).

44 See e.g. Whitaker, , The History and Antiquities of the Archdeaconry of Craven (London, 1805)Google Scholar. The 1835 edition of Milner's Treatise is described as the third, but I can trace no printing between 1811 and 1835; it may therefore be that Milner's chapter in Rees's Cyclopaedia was the notional first edition.

45 The Repository of Arts, Commerce, Manufactures, Fashions and Politics, 1st series, 9 (1813), pp. 107, 338Google Scholar; Holdich, Benjamin, The History ofCrowland Abbey, Digested from the Materials Collected by Mr Gough (Stamford, 1816), pp. 164–65,176Google Scholar; Hawkes Smith, W., An Outline of Architecture: Grecian, Roman and Gothic (Birmingham, 1816), pp. 22–24 Google Scholar. The last preferred Milner's theory to the proposition by Sir James Hall that Gothic arose from stone imitations of ancient bentwood mission churches: another argument, however fantastic, consistent with an English or British origin ( SirHall, James, An Essay on the Origin and Principles of Gothic Architecture, from the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 1797 Google Scholar). Hall restated his ideas in An Essay on the Origin, History and Principles of Gothic Architecture (London, 1813)Google Scholar, see especially pp. 110–25; Smith's reference is to a more widely disseminated source, the commendatory end-note to Walter Scott's verse romance The Lay of the 25 Last Minstrel, on the description of Melrose Abbey (London, 1805, p. 233).

46 Kendall, John, An Elucidation of the Principles of English Architecture, usually denominated Gothic (London, 1818), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

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51 Pevsner, , Architectural Writers, pp. 20–21.Google Scholar

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53 Gunn, William, An Inquiry into the Origin and Influence of Gothic Architecture (London, 1819), p. 35 Google Scholar; Lascelles, Rowley, The Heraldic Origin of Gothic Architecture (London, 1820)Google Scholar. By 1819 the French coinage roman and German romanisch were already current: see Brownlee, David B., ‘ Neugriechisch/Néo-Grec: the German vocabulary of French Romantic architecture’, journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 50 (1991), pp. 18–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

54 Moller, Georg, Denkmaler der deutschen Baukunst (Darmstadt, 1815–21)Google Scholar, translated as An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Gothic Architecture, traced in and deduced from the ancient edifices of Germany (London, 1824).Google Scholar

55 Moller, , Essay, pp. 68–69, 80–81.Google Scholar

56 Pugin, A. C. and Willson, E. J., Specimens of Gothic Architecture, Selected from Various Antient Edifices in England, 2 vols (London, 1821–23), I (1821), pp. xv–xvii, II (1823), pp. x, xvii.Google Scholar

57 Hope, Thomas, An Historical Essay on Architecture (London, 1835), p. 399 Google Scholar; pp. 370–78 put the case for the German origin of Gothic. Hope's own preferences were of course for the classical styles.

58 Britton, , Architectural Antiquities, v, p. 67 Google Scholar. Britton's account of the style treats it as developing under its own internal momentum, illustrated exclusively by native examples (pp. 103–81).

59 Britton, John, The History and Antiquities of the Metropolitical Church of Canterbury (London, 1822), p. 54 Google Scholar; Britton, John and Pugin, A. C., Specimens of the Architectural Antiquities of Normandy (London, 1828), p. iii Google Scholar. Britton's, Dictionary of the Architecture and Archaeology of the Middle Ages (London, 1838), p. 22 Google Scholar, merely refers the reader back to his survey of 1826.

60 Memes, J. S., A History of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, Constable's Miscellany 39 (Edinburgh, 1829), pp. 326–31Google Scholar; Bell, Thomas, An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Gothic Architecture (Dublin, 1829), p. 88.Google Scholar

61 Pugin, A. C. and Willson, E. J., Examples of Gothic Architecture, Selected from Various Ancient Edifices in England, 3 vols (London, 1831-38), 1 (1831), p. xiii.Google Scholar

62 Buckler, J. C., Views of the Cathedral Churches of England and Wales (London, 1822)Google Scholar, preface; Cromwell, Thomas, A History and Description of the Ancient Town of Colchester (London, 1825), pp. 216–17Google Scholar; McLellan, Archibald, An Essay on the Cathedral Church of Glasgow (Glasgow, 1833), p. 13.Google Scholar

63 The Crypt, 1 (1827), between pp. 89 and 229, 2 (1828), pp. 71-78. The essay was read to the Normandy Society of Antiquaries in 1824. The Crypt was published in Ringwood in 1827–29.

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65 Architectural Magazine, 1 (1834), p. 345 Google Scholar. Extracts from Milner's History of Winchester remained the standard guidebooks to the cathedral and to St Cross Hospital until at least c. 1840, so the theory may have found unwary converts even in Victorian times.

66 On the Architectural Society see Colvin, H. M., A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840, 3rd edn (New Haven and London, 1996), pp. 42–43.Google Scholar

67 RIBA, MS AS1/1 (1833), pp. 3–4.

68 RIBA, MS AS1/2 (‘Essay on the Study of Gothic Architecture’, 1833), pp. 8, 39-40.

69 RIBA, MS AS1/7 (1835), pp. 3,17,20.

70 RIBA, MS AS1/5 (1834), pp. 2–3.

71 Institute of British Architects, Address and Regulations (1835), pp. 55–56 Google Scholar; papers addressed to the RIBA by Charles Fowler and Ambrose Poynter, 1838–39, RIBA, MS Sp.3/4, p. 1, and RIBA Transactions, 2 (1842), pp. 74–80.Google Scholar

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73 [Chessell Buckler, John], Observations on the Original Architecture of Saint Mary Magdalen College, Oxford (London, 1823), p. 3 Google Scholar; Bloxam, M. H., The Principles of Gothic Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer (London, 1829), p. 12 Google Scholar; Gentleman's Magazine, 98 (1828), part II p. 520 Google Scholar. The Dictionary of National Biography identifies Carlos as the magazine's chief reviewer of such books in 1828–48, but only from c. 1830 did these appear in any quantity: see The Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine, ed. Kuist, James M. (Wisconsin, 1982).Google Scholar

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79 Archaeologia, 25 (1834), p. 160.Google Scholar

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82 Whewell, William, Architectural Notes on German Churches (London, 1830), p. 73 Google Scholar. On Whewell see Yanni, Carla, ‘On Nature and Nomenclature: William Whewell and the Production of Architectural Knowledge in Early Victorian Britain', Architectural History, 40 (1997), pp. 204–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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86 Whewell, , Architectural Notes (1830 edn), p. 145.Google Scholar

87 Whewell, , Architectural Notes, 3rd edn (1842), preface pp. xiv–xv Google Scholar; the connexion was pointed out by Pevsner, Architectural Writers, p. 46. Compare Rickman's table of differences between classical and Gothic in An Attempt (1817 edn), pp. 110–11.Google Scholar

88 Whewell, , Architectural Notes (1830 edn), p. 147.Google Scholar

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91 Gentleman's Magazine, new series, 4 (1835), pp. 153, 291Google Scholar; cf. n. 51, above.

92 Gentleman's Magazine, new series, 8 (1837), p. 164.Google Scholar

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94 Turner, Dawson, An Account of a Tour in Normandy, 2 vols (London, 1820), I, pp. 137,187,II, p. 17Google Scholar. Cohen married Dawson Turner's daughter in 1823, adopting the surname Palgrave.

95 Woods, Joseph, Letters of an Architect, from Prance, Italy and Greece, 2 vols (London, 1828), I, pp. 27–28 Google Scholar. The references are to Ennio Quirino Visconti (1751-1818) and Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison (1759–1818). Woods’ travels took place in 1816-18.

96 Pugin, and Willson, , Examples, I, p. xii Google Scholar. See Germann, Georg, The Gothic Revival in Europe and Britain: Sources, Influences and Ideas (London, 1972), pp. 73ff Google Scholar. for the growth of continental Gothic scholarship.

97 British Critic, 4th series, 27 (1840), pp. 337–53Google Scholar. The Ecclesiologist was more generous: see Miele, Chris, ‘Victorian Internationalism and the Victorian View of Monument Care on the Continent’, in Gothic Revival: Religion, Architecture and Style in Western Europe 1815-1914, Proceedings of the Colloquium, Leuven, 7–10 November 1997, ed. De Maeyer, Jan and Verpoest, Luc (Leuven, 2000), pp. 211–22 (pp. 213–18)Google Scholar. For parallel legislation in the United Kingdom see Champion, Timothy, ‘Protecting the Monuments: archaeological legislation from the 1882 Act to PPG 16 ’, in Hunter, Michael (ed.), Preserving the Past: the rise of heritage in modern Britain (Stroud, 1996), pp. 38–56.Google Scholar

98 Medley, John, Elementary Remarks on Church Architecture (Exeter, 1841), p. 28 Google Scholar; Francis, Frederick J., A Series of Original Designs for Churches and Chapels (London, 1841), pp. vi–vii.Google Scholar

99 Petit, J. L., Remarks on Church Architecture, 2 vols (London, 1841), I, p. 13,II, p. 81.Google Scholar

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101 Pugin, A. W. N., Details ofAntient Timber Houses (London, 1836), pl. XXII Google Scholar. Conversely, the first edition of Contrasts included examples from Ypres and Rouen, of which only the former was repeated in the second, 1841 edition.

102 Pugin, A. W. N., An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture (London, 1843), pp. 37, 46–47.Google Scholar

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108 Oxford Society for Promoting the Study of Gothic Architecture, Report (Hilary Term, 1842), p. 8 Google Scholar, by J. P. Harrison of Christ Church. The usage of three ‘orders’ for English Gothic looks back to Milner.

109 British Critic, 4th series, 28 (1840), p. 490 Google Scholar. For Mozley's architectural activities see his Reminiscences, Chiefly of Oriel College and the Oxford Movement, 2 vols (London, 1882).Google Scholar

110 Gentleman's Magazine, 98 (1828), part II p. 521 Google Scholar; 99 (1829), part I p. 138, reviewing Woods’, Joseph; Letters of an Architect (1828)Google Scholar. E. J. Carlos is the likeliest author: see n. 73, above.

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