Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T04:00:04.165Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A new chronological model for the Bronze and Iron Age South Caucasus: radiocarbon results from Project ArAGATS, Armenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2018

Sturt W. Manning*
Affiliation:
Department of Classics, 120 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Adam T. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, 261 McGraw Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Lori Khatchadourian
Affiliation:
Department of Near Eastern Studies, 409 White Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Ruben Badalyan
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences, 15 Charents Street, Yerevan, 0025, RA, Armenia
Ian Lindsay
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, 700 West State Street, Suite 219, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Alan Greene
Affiliation:
Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, 15 East 84th Street, New York, NY 10028, USA
Maureen Marshall
Affiliation:
Russian, East European, and Eurasian Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 105 International Studies Building, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
*
*Author for correspondence (Email: sm456@cornell.edu)

Abstract

The South Caucasus occupies the divide between ancient Mesopotamia and prehistoric Europe, and was thus crucial in the development of Old World societies. Chronologies for the region, however, have lacked the definition achieved in surrounding areas. Concentrating on the Tsaghkahovit Plain of north-western Armenia, Project ArAGATS's multi-site radiocarbon dataset has now produced Bayesian modelling, which provides tight chronometric support for tracing the transmission of technology, population movement and social developments that shaped the Eurasian Bronze and Iron Ages.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Avetisyan, P. 2003. Hayastani Mijin Bronzi zhamanakagrutyoone ev Pulabazhanoome. Yerevan: Akademiya Nauk.Google Scholar
Avetisyan, P. & Bobokhyan, A.. 2008. The pottery traditions of the Armenian Middle to Late Bronze ‘transition’ in the context of Bronze and Iron Age periodization, in Rubinson, K.S. & Sagona, A. (ed.) Ceramics in transitions: Chalcolithic through Iron Age in the highlands of the southern Caucasus and Anatolia: 123–83. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Badalyan, R. 2003. Rannebronzovoe Poselenie Aparan III. Drevnejshaya Kul'tura Armenii 3: 2026.Google Scholar
Badalyan, R. 2014. New data on the periodization and chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture in Armenia. Paléorient 40(2): 7192. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2014.5636Google Scholar
Badalyan, R., Smith, A.T., Lindsay, I., Khatchadourian, L. & Avetisyan, P.. 2008 Village, fortress, and town in Bronze and Iron Age Southern Caucasia: a preliminary report on the 2003–2006 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 40: 45105.Google Scholar
Badalyan, R., Smith, A.T., Lindsay, I., Khatchadourian, L., Harutyunyan, A., Greene, A., Marshall, M., Monahan, B. & Hovsepyan, R.. 2014. A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 46: 149222.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A. 2009. Rolling out revolution: using radiocarbon dating in archaeology. Radiocarbon 51: 123–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033750Google Scholar
Boaretto, E., Lev, R. & Regev, L.. 2016. Radiocarbon dating of the Early Bronze Age burial site ‘Kurgan Ananauri N 3’, Georgia, in Makharadze, Z., Kalandadze, N. & Murvanoryidze, B. (ed.) Ananauri big kurgan 3: 284–91. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009a. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51: 337–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033865Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009b. Dealing with outliers and offsets in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 51: 1023–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200034093Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., van der Plicht, J. & Weninger, B.. 2001. ‘Wiggle matching’ radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 43(2A): 381–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038248Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., Dee, M.W., Rowland, J.M., Higham, T.F.G., Harris, S.A., Brock, F.A., Quiles, A., Wild, E., Marcus, E.S. & Shortland, A.J.. 2010. Radiocarbon-based chronology for Dynastic Egypt. Science 328: 1554–57. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395Google Scholar
Cherry, J., Manning, S., Alcock, S., Tonikyan, A. & Zardaryan, M.. 2007. Radiocarbon dates for the second and first millennia BC from southern Armenia: preliminary results from the Vorotan Project (2005–2006). ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2: 5271.Google Scholar
Dee, M. & Ramsey, C. Bronk. 2014. High-precision Bayesian modelling of samples susceptible to inbuilt age. Radiocarbon 56: 8394. https://doi.org/10.2458/56.16685Google Scholar
Galimberti, M., Bronk Ramsey, C. & Manning, S.W.. 2004. Wiggle-match dating of tree ring sequences. Radiocarbon 46: 917–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200035967Google Scholar
Isıklı, M. 2012. Some comments on the Late Bronze Age process in Erzurum and the adjacent region, in Mehnert, A., Mehnert, G. & Reinhold, S. (ed.) Austausch und Kulturkontakt im Südkaukasus und seinen Angrenzenden Regionen in der Spätbronze-Früheisenzeit: 223–35. Langenweißbach: Beier & Beran.Google Scholar
Işıklı, M. & Can, B.. 2007. The Erzurum region in the Early Iron Age: new observations, in Çilingiroğlu, A. & Sagona, A. (ed.) Anatolian Iron Ages 6: the Proceedings of the Sixth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Eskişehir, 16–20 August 2004: 153–66. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Kavtaradze, G.L. 2004. The chronology of the Caucasus during the Early Metal Age: observations from Central Trans-Caucasus, in Sagone, A. (ed.) A view from the highlands: archaeological studies in honour of Charles Burney: 539–56. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Khatchadourian, L. 2014. Empire in the everyday: a preliminary report on the 2008–2011 excavations at Tsaghkahovit, Armenia. American Journal of Archaeology 118: 137–69. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.1.0137Google Scholar
Khatchadourian, L. 2016. Imperial matter: ancient Persia and the archaeology of empires. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Khatchadourian, L. In press. Pottery typology and craft learning in the Near Eastern Highlands. Iranica Antiqua.Google Scholar
Kroll, S. 1984. Urartus Untergang in anderer Sicht (La chute de l'Urartu: une autre vue). Istanbuler Mitteilungen 34: 151–70.Google Scholar
Manning, S.W., Ramsey, C. Bronk, Kutschera, W., Higham, T., Kromer, B., Steier, P. & Wild, E.. 2006. Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700–1400 BC. Science 312: 565–69. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125682Google Scholar
Manning, S.W., Griggs, C.B., Lorentzen, B., Barjamovic, G., Ramsey, C. Bronk, Kromer, B. & Wild, E.M.. 2016. Integrated tree-ring-radiocarbon high-resolution timeframe to resolve earlier second millennium BCE Mesopotamian chronology. PLoS One 11: e0157144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157144Google Scholar
Marro, C., Berthon, R. & Bakhshaliyev, V.. 2014. On the genesis of the Kura-Araxes phenomenon: new evidence from Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan). Paléorient 40(2): 131–54. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2014.5639Google Scholar
Marro, C., Bakhshaliyev, V. & Berthon, R.. 2015. A reply to G. Palumbi and C. Chataigner. Paléorient 41(2): 157–62. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2015.5682Google Scholar
Meller, H., Arx, H.W., Jung, R. & Risch, R. (ed.). 2015. 2200 BC—Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? [A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the Old World?] 7 th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2014 in Halle (Saale). Halle: Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.Google Scholar
Özfırat, A. 2009. Pre-Classical survey in eastern Turkey: sixth preliminary report: Lake Van Basin and Mt. Ağrı Region. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 41: 211–32.Google Scholar
Palumbi, G. & Chataigner, C.. 2015. Answer to C. Marro, V. Bakhshaliyev & R. Berthon. Paléorient 41(2): 163–66. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2015.5683Google Scholar
Passerini, A., Regev, L., Rova, E. & Boaretto, E.. 2016. New radiocarbon dates for the Kura-Araxes occupation at Aradetis Orgora, Georgia. Radiocarbon 58: 649–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2016.37Google Scholar
Regev, J., de Miroschedji, P., Greenberg, R., Braun, E., Greenhut, Z. & Boaretto, E.. 2012. Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the southern Levant: new analysis for a high chronology. Radiocarbon 54: 525–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003382220004724XGoogle Scholar
Reimer, P.J. et al. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55: 1869–87. https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947Google Scholar
Ristvet, L., Gopnik, H. & Bakhshaliyev, V.. 2012. On the edge of empire: 2008 and 2009 excavations at Oglanqala, Azerbaijan. American Journal of Archaeology 116: 321–62. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.116.2.0321Google Scholar
Sagona, A. 2000. Sos Höyük and the Erzurum region in late prehistory: a provisional chronology for northeastern Anatolia, in Marro, C. & Hauptmann, H. (ed.) Chronologies des pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe millenaires: 329–73. Istanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil.Google Scholar
Sagona, A. 2004. Social boundaries and ritual landscapes in late prehistoric Trans-Caucasus and highland Anatolia, in Sagona, A. (ed.) A view from the highlands: archaeological studies in honour of Charles Burney: 475538. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Sagona, A. 2014. Rethinking the Kura-Araxes genesis. Paléorient 40(2): 2346. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2014.5634Google Scholar
Sagona, A. 2017. The archaeology of the Caucasus from earliest settlements to the Iron Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sagona, A. & Sagona, C.. 2003. The upper levels of Sos Höyük, Erzurum: a reinterpretation of the 1987 campaign. Anatolia Antiqua 2003: 101109. https://doi.org/10.3406/anata.2003.996Google Scholar
Smith, A.T. 2015. The political machine: assembling sovereignty in the Bronze Age Caucasus. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A.T., Badalyan, R.S. & Avetisyan, P.. 2009. The archaeology and geography of ancient Transcaucasian societies I: the foundations of research and regional survey in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Armenia. Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Whittle, A., Healy, F. & Bayliss, A.. 2011. Gathering time: dating the Early Neolithic enclosures of southern Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Manning et al. supplementary material

Manning et al. supplementary material 1

Download Manning et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 7.6 MB