Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T06:05:56.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Human mobility and early sedentism: the Late Neolithic landscape of southern Azerbaijan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2018

Andrea Ricci*
Affiliation:
Graduate School Human Development in Landscapes, Kiel University, Leibnizstraße 3, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Maria Bianca D'Anna
Affiliation:
Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Fabeckstraße 23–25, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Dan Lawrence
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Barbara Helwing
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, The University of Sydney, Brennan MacCallum Building A18, NSW 2006, Australia
Tevekkül Aliyev
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Hüseyn Cavid Prospekti, Baku, Azerbaijan
*
*Author for correspondence (Email: aricci@gshdl.uni-kiel.de)

Abstract

Recent survey and excavation conducted in the Mil Plain region of the southern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan challenges traditional notions of Neolithic sedentism. Here, the authors present their findings, and propose that prior to its abandonment towards the end of the sixth millennium BC, the occupation of the region was comprised of numerous highly variable short-term sites and multi-mounded sites (Qarabel Tepe), as well as anchoring sites (Kamiltepe). This indicates multi-scalar patterns of mobility of a much more complex nature than had previously been supposed, making this region quite unique for the Late Neolithic of South-western Asia.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahadi, G. 2017. Excavations at site MPS 124, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan 16): 5154. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P.M.M.G. 2013. Living space, temporality and community segmentation: interpreting Late Neolithic settlement in northern Syria, in Nieuwenhuyse, O., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Rogasch, J. (ed.) Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: 6375. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Schwartz, G.M.. 2003. The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 1600–300 BC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aliyev, T. & Helwing, B.. 2009. Kamiltepe in der Milebene. Archäologische Untersuchungen 2009. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 41: 2345.Google Scholar
Arimura, M., Badalyan, R., Gasparyan, B. & Chataigner, C.. 2010. Current Neolithic research in Armenia. Neo-Lithics 10: 7785.Google Scholar
Astruc, L., Samzun, A. & Gratuze, B.. 2012. Preliminary report on the lithic industries of Kamiltepe and Mentesh Tepe, in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 169–77.Google Scholar
Badalyan, R., Smith, A.T., Lindsay, I., Harutyunyan, A., Greene, A., Marshall, M., Monahan, B. & Hovsepyan, R.. 2014. A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations of project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 46: 149222.Google Scholar
Barnard, H. & Wendrich, W. (ed.). 2008. The archaeology of mobility: Old World and New World nomadism. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California.Google Scholar
Barth, F. 1973. A general perspective on nomad-sedentary relations in the Middle East, in Nelson, C. (ed.) The desert and the sown: nomads in the wider society (Research Series 21): 1122. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
Benecke, N. 2012. Archaeozoological studies, in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 154–55.Google Scholar
Benecke, N. 2017. Exploitation of animal resources in Neolithic settlements of the Kura Region (south Caucasia), in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16): 357–69. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R. 2008. An archaeology of multisided communities, in Barnard, H. & Wendrich, W. (ed.) The archaeology of mobility: Old World and New World nomadism: 4377. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R. 2013. Multisided and modular sites in the Halaf tradition, in Nieuwenhuyse, O., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Rogasch, J. (ed.) Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: 5161. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R. & Nieuwenhuyse, O.. 2013. Established paradigms, current disputes and emerging themes: the state of research on the late Neolithic in Upper Mesopotamia, in Nieuwenhuyse, O., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Rogasch, J. (ed.) Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: 1737. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
D'Anna, M.B. 2012. The pottery of Kamiltepe and site MPS 5, in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 3846.Google Scholar
D'Anna, M.B. 2017. The 2013 sounding at site MPS 103: preliminary report, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16): 4349. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Fassbinder, J. & Becker, F.. 2017. Integrated geophysical prospecting in the Mil Plain, Lower Karabakh, Azerbaijan, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran Und Turan Band 16): 325–33. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Frangipane, M. 2013. Societies without boundaries: interpreting Late Neolithic patterns of wide interaction and sharing of cultural traits: the case of Halaf Mesopotamia, in Nieuwenhuyse, O., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Rogasch, J. (ed.) Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: 8999. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Geörg, C. 2013. Paläopopulationsgenetik von Schwein und Schaf in Südosteuropa und Transkaukasien (Menschen, Kulturen, Traditionen 9). Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Guliyev, F. & Nishiaki, Y.. 2012. Excavations at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe, the Middle Kura Valley, Azerbaijan, 2008–2009, in Matthews, R., Curtis, J. & Seymour, M. (ed.) Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 7184. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Hamon, C. 2008. From Neolithic to Chalcolithic in the southern Caucasus: economy and macrolithic implements from Shulaveri-Shomu Sites of Kwemo-Kartli (Georgia). Paléorient 34(2): 85135. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2008.5258Google Scholar
Hansen, S. (ed.). 2011. Der Beginn der Landwirtschaft im Südkaukasus. Die Ausgrabungen in Aruchlo in Georgien. Berlin & Tbilisi: Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts and Otar Lordkipanidze Archaeological Research Center of the Georgian National Museum.Google Scholar
Hansen, S., Mirtskhulava, G. & Bastert-Lamprichs, K.. 2013. Neolithic settlements of the 6th millennium BCE in the southern Caucasus, in Nieuwenhuyse, O., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Rogasch, J. (ed.) Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: 387–96. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Helwing, B. & Aliyev, T.. 2009. Kamiltepe in der Milebene. Archäologische Untersuchungen 2009. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 41: 2345.Google Scholar
Helwing, B. & Aliyev, T.. 2012. Part I: field work in the Mil Plain: the 2010–2011 expedition, in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 417.Google Scholar
Helwing, B. & Aliyev, T.. 2014. A monumental Neolithic? New results of the ongoing Azerbaijanian-German investigations in the Mil Steppe, Azerbaijan, in Bieliński, P., Gawlikowski, M., Koliński, R., Ławecka, D., Sołtysiak, A. & Wygnańska, Z. (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 30 April–4 May 2012, University of Warsaw: 247–57. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Helwing, B. & Aliyev, T.. 2017a. The Mil Steppe painted ware, in Museibli, N.A. (ed.) Problems of the archaeology of the Caucasus and Near East. Neolithic–Late Bronze Age. Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the famous archaeologist, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan Ideal Hamid Oglu Narimanov (1927–2006): 5981. Baku: National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography.Google Scholar
Helwing, B. & Aliyev, T.. 2017b. Excavations in the Mil Plain sites, 2012–2014, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, A., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16): 1142. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.). 2017a. The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. 2017b. Introduction to the Kura projects, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16): 19. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Iessen, A.A. 1965. Iz istoricheskogo proshlogo Mil'sko-Karabakhskoj stepi. Materialy I Issledovanija po Arkheologii 125: 1035.Google Scholar
Joannin, S., Ali, A.A., Ollivier, V., Roiron, P., Peyron, O., Chevaux, S., Nahapetyan, S., Tozalakyan, P., Karakhanyan, A. & Chataigner, C.. 2014. Vegetation, fire and climate history of the Lesser Caucasus: a new Holocene record from Zarishat fen (Armenia). Journal of Quaternary Science 29: 7082. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2679Google Scholar
Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.). 2012. Ancient Kura 2010–2011: the first two seasons of joint field work in the southern Caucasus. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 1190.Google Scholar
Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Bouquet, L., Bruley-Chabot, G., Samzun, A., Pecqueur, L., Jovenet, E., Baudouin, E., Fontugne, M., Raymond, P., Degorre, E., Astruc, L., Guilbeau, D., Dosseur, G. Le, Benecke, N., Hamon, C., Poulmarc'h, M. & Courcier, A.. 2016. Mentesh Tepe, an early settlement of the Shomu-Shulaveri Culture in Azerbaijan. Quaternary International 395: 170–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.038Google Scholar
Makarewicz, C.A. 2013. A pastoralist manifesto: breaking stereotypes and re-conceptualizing pastoralism in the Near Eastern Neolithic. Levant 45: 159–74. https://doi.org/10.1179/0075891413Z.00000000023Google Scholar
Marro, C., Bakhshaliyev, V. & Ashurov, S.. 2011. Excavations at Ovçular Tepesi (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan). Second preliminary report: the 2009–2010 seasons. Anatolia Antiqua 19: 53100. https://doi.org/10.3406/anata.2011.1089Google Scholar
Narimanov, I.N. 1987. Kul'tura drevnejshego zemledel'chesko-skotovodcheskogo naselenija Azerbaidzhana (epokha Eneolita VI–IV tys. do n. e.). Baku: Elm.Google Scholar
Neef, R., Decaix, A. & Tengberg, M.. 2017. Agricultural practices and paleoenvironment of the southern Caucasus during the Neolithic. A transect along the Kura River, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16): 371–77. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y., Guliyev, F. & Kadowaki, S.. 2015. Chronological contexts of the earliest pottery Neolithic of the South Caucasus: radiocarbon dates from Göytepe and Haci Elamxanli Tepe, Azerbaijan. American Journal of Archaeology 119: 279–94. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.119.3.0279Google Scholar
Nishiaki, Y., Guliyev, F., Kadowaki, S. & Omori, T.. 2018. Neolithic residential patterns in the southern Caucasus: radiocarbon analysis of rebuilding cycles of mudbrick architecture at Göytepe, west Azerbaijan. Quaternary International 474: 119130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.015Google Scholar
Ollivier, V. & Fontugne, M.. 2012. Holocene landscape and human modes of occupation in the Kura Valley (Azerbaijan), in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 121–27.Google Scholar
Ollivier, V., Fontugne, M., Lyonnet, B. & Chataigner, C.. 2016. Base level changes, river avulsions and Holocene human mode of occupations in the Caspian Sea area (middle Kura valley, South Caucasus). Quaternary International 395: 7994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.017Google Scholar
Porter, A. 2012. Mobile pastoralism and the formation of Near Eastern civilizations: weaving together society. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511895012Google Scholar
Ricci, A. 2012. Ancient Kura Project. Archaeological landscape studies. The Mil-Karabakh Plain and the Kvemo Kartli Survey projects: a preliminary account of the first two field seasons (2010–11), in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 127–45.Google Scholar
Ricci, A. 2017. Archaeological landscape studies within the ‘Kura in Motion’ project. The 2012–2014 field activities, in Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) The Kura projects: new research on the later prehistory of the southern Caucasus (Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 16): 305–23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Rösler, E. 1898. Archäologisch-ethnologischen Bericht über seine für die kaiserl. russ. Archäologische Commission unternommenen Untersuchungen im Gouv. Elisabethpol im Februar und April 1897. IV. Zehn Tage in der Mil'schen Steppe 30. Abhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte Ethnologie und Urgeschichte: 293–329. Berlin: Heßling.Google Scholar
Scheu, A. 2012. Palaeogenetische Studien zur Populationsgeschichte von Rind und Ziege mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dem Neolithikum in Südosteuropa (Menschen, Kulturen, Traditionen 4). Rahden: Leidorf.Google Scholar
Sellet, F., Greaves, R.D. & Yu, P.-L.. (ed.). 2015. Archaeology and ethnoarchaeology of mobility. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Shillito, L. 2012. Preliminary microstratigraphic observations of ash deposits and architectural materials at Kamiltepe, Azerbaijan, in Lyonnet, B., Guliyev, F., Helwing, B., Aliyev, T., Hansen, S. & Mirtskhulava, G. (ed.) Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44: 3136.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ricci et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Ricci et al. supplementary material(File)
File 12.3 KB