Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-09T14:34:33.962Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Preliminary investigations into the use of microwave energy for reversible stunning of sheep

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

A Small*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Livestock Industries, FD McMaster Laboratory, Locked bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
D McLean
Affiliation:
Advanced Microwave Technologies, University of Wollongong, Building 42, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
H Keates
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
JS Owen
Affiliation:
PO Box 5227, Manly, QLD 4179, Australia
J Ralph
Affiliation:
Wagstaff Cranbourne Pty Ltd, 15 Moorakyne Avenue, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia
*
* Contact for correspondence and requests for reprints: Alison.small@csiro.au

Abstract

Stunning prior to slaughter is commonly used to render the animal insensible to pain. However, for certain markets, stunning is disallowed, unless the animal can fully recover if not slaughtered. There are very few available methods of inducing a fully recoverable stun. This preliminary study investigates the potential for microwave energy application to be used to induce a recoverable stun in sheep. Cadaver heads were used to demonstrate that brain temperature could be raised to a point at which insensibility would be expected to occur (44°C). Trials on four anaesthetised sheep confirmed this finding in a live animal model where brain temperatures between 43 and 48°C were achieved with 20 s of microwave energy application. Although the applicator and process variables require some further development, this technology seems eminently suitable for use as an alternative method of inducing a recoverable stun.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2013 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Guy, AW and Chou, CK 1982 Effects of high-intensity microwave pulse exposure of rat brain. Radio Science 17: 169178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RS017i05Sp0169SCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambooij, E, Anil, H, Butler, SR, Reimert, H, Workel, L and Hindle, V 2011 Transcranial magnetic stunning of broilers: a preliminary trial to induce unconsciousness. Animal Welfare 20: 407412Google Scholar
Lambooy, B, Lagendijk, J and van Rhoon, G 1989 Feasibility of stunning pigs with microwaves at 434 MHz. Fleischwirtschaft 69: 10301032Google Scholar
Lambooy, E and Spanjaard, W 1982 Electrical stunning of veal calves. Meat Science 6: 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(82)90047-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niemark, MA, Konstas, A-A, Laine, AF and Pile-Spellman, J 2007 Integration of jugular venous return and circle of Willis in a theoretical human model of selective brain cooling. Journal of Applied Physiology 103: 18371847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jap-plphysiol.00542.2007Google Scholar
Ohshima, T, Maeda, H, Takayasu, T, Fujioka, Y and Nakaya, T 1992 An autopsy case of infant death due to heat-stroke. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13: 217221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199209000-00010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ralph, JH, Owen, JS, Small, AH, McLean, DW and Gailer, DJ 2011 Animal Stunning. Patent AU 2010901954 (20100507), 9th May 2011. Australian Patent Office: Canberra, Australia. www.patentscope.wipo.intGoogle Scholar
Rice, CE and Kenshalo, DR 1962 Nociceptive threshold measurements in the cat. Journal of Applied Physiology 17: 10091012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wotton, SB, Gregory, NG, Whittington, PE and Parkman, ID 2000 Electrical stunning of cattle. Veterinary Record 147: 681684Google ScholarPubMed