Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-sh8wx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T23:03:01.682Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A new approach to horse welfare based on systems thinking

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

KL Luke ,
A Rawluk  and
T McAdie
KL Luke*
Affiliation:
Central Queensland University, College of Psychology, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
A Rawluk
Affiliation:
C1.30 Baldwin Spencer Building, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville,VIC 3010, Australia
T McAdie
Affiliation:
Central Queensland University, College of Psychology, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
*
* Contact for correspondence: karen.luke@cqumail.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Globally, calls for change in the horse industry to prioritise the health and well-being of domestic horses (Equus caballus) are reaching a critical threshold. Horse behaviour deemed undesirable or inconvenient by owners (henceforth referred to as undesirable behaviour) is reported across all aspects of a horse's life and may indicate a welfare issue. This study proposes a reconceptualisation of undesirable horse behaviour as a complex challenge based on systems thinking. Emerging from the natural sciences, systems thinking is an interdisciplinary approach to complex challenges (such as undesirable behaviour) as dynamic, highly interconnected networks of components and feedback relationships. This critical literature review examined the undesirable behaviours studied, the disciplines conducting research and their underpinning assumptions to identify opportunities for approaching research differently. Four themes emerged from the literature: undesirable behaviour is typically studied with unarticulated assumptions and in individual disciplines; behaviours are typically studied in isolation with the complexity of horse-human interactions generally not considered; management of behaviour typically has an anthropocentric linear ‘cause and effect’ focus; and solutions to undesirable behaviour are often short-term ‘fixes’ resulting in poor horse outcomes. From these, we outline the opportunities that each provide the next generation of horse research in terms of interdisciplinarity, systems thinking and management Undesirable horse behaviour in a horse-human system is conceptually mapped in terms of factors associated with the behaviour (eg housing, stress, diet), and the relationships between them. Systems thinking offers a way to integrate multiple disciplines and identify and navigate new solutions to promote horse welfare.

Keywords

animal welfarehorse behaviourhorse trainingstereotypysystems thinkingundesirable behaviour
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 37 - 49
Copyright
© 2022 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Alberghina, D, De Pasquale, A, Piccione, G, Vitale, F and Panzera, M 2015 Gene expression profile of cytokines in leuko-cytes from stereotypic horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10: 556–560. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.08.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albright, JD, Witte, TH, Rohrbach, BW, Reed, A and Houpt, KA 2016 Efficacy and effects of various anti-crib devices on behaviour and physiology of crib-biting horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 48: 727–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12534CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, CR, Fontaine, JJ, Pope, KL and Garmestani, AS 2011 Adaptive management for a turbulent future. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annan-Diab, F and Molinari, C 2017 Interdisciplinarity: Practical approach to advancing education for sustainability and for the Sustainable Development Goals. The International Journal of Management Education 15: 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2017.03.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, RD and Wade, JP 2017 A complete set of systems thinking skills. Insight 20: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/inst.12159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bammer, G 2013 Disciplining Interdisciplinarity: Integration and Implementation Sciences for Researching Complex Real-World Problems. ANU Press: Canberra, Australia. https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_459901Google Scholar
Benhajali, H, Richard-Yris, M-A, Ezzaouia, M, Charfi, F and Hausberger, M 2010 Reproductive status and stereotypies in breeding mares: A brief report. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 128: 64–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.09.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, EM, Peterson, GD and Gordon, LJ 2009 Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters 12: 1394–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergmann, I 2015 Sustainability, thoroughbred racing and the need for change. Pferdeheilkunde 31: 490–498. https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20150509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergmann, I 2020 Naturalness and the legitimacy of Thoroughbred racing: a photo-elicitation study with industry and animal advocacy informants. Animals 10: 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091513CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkes, F, Colding, J and Folke, C 2003 Navigating social-ecologi-cal systems building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Birke, L 2008 Talking about horses: Control and freedom in the world of ‘natural horsemanship.’ Society & Animals 16: 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853008X291417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briefer Freymond, S, Bardou, D, Briefe, EF, Bruckmaier, R, Fouché, N, Fleury, J, Maigrot, AL, Ramseyer, A, Zuberbühler, K and Bachmann, I 2015 The physiological consequences of crib-biting in horses in response to an ACTH challenge test. Physiology & Behavior 151: 121–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briefer Freymond, S, Beuret, S, Ruet, A, Zuberbuhler, K, Bachmann, I and Briefer, EF 2020 Sterotypic behaviour in horses lowers stress but not spatial learning performance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 232: 105099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capra, F and Luisi, PL 2014 The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511895555CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, SL, Sykes, BW and Mills, PC 2020 An online survey investigating perceived prevalence and treatment options for stereotypic behaviours in horses and undesirable behaviours asso-ciated with handling and riding. Equine Veterinary Education 32: 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapin, FS, Zavaleta, ES, Eviner, VT, Naylor, RL, Vitousek, PM, Reynolds, HL, Hooper, DU, Lavorel, S, Sala, OE, Hobbie, SE, Mack, MC and Díaz, S 2000 Consequences of changing bio-diversity. Nature 405: 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, JW, Munk, R, Hawson, L, Palme, R, Larsen, T, Egenvall, A, König von Borstel, UU and Rørvang, MV 2021 Rider effects on horses’ conflict behaviour, rein tension, physiological meas-ures and rideability scores. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 234: 105184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clegg, HA, Buckley, P, Friend, MA and McGreevy, PD 2008 The ethological and physiological characteristics of cribbing and weaving horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109: 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, WR and Kibler, M 2018 Behavioural assessment of pain in 66 horses, with and without a bit. Equine Veterinary Education 31: 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12916CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, JJ and Mason, GJ 1998 The identification of abnormal behaviour and behavioural problems in stabled horses and their relationship to horse welfare: a comparative review. Equine Veterinary Journal 30: 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb05136.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, JJ and McGreevy, P 2007 Stereotypic behaviour in the stabled horse: causes, effects and prevention without compromising horse welfare. In: Waran, N (ed) The Welfare of Horses pp 99–124. Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48215-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa, MG, Rodrigues e Silva, CF, Dias, LA, da Silva Rocha, S Junior, Thomes, FR, Alberto do Lago, L, de Mattos Carvalho, A and Faleiros, RR 2020 Welfare benefits after the implementation of slow-feeder hay bags for stabled horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 38: 61–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, G, Brown, RR, Bos, JJ and Bakker, K 2017 Standing on the shoulders of giants: Understanding changes in urban water practice through the lens of complexity science. Urban Water Journal 14: 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2016.1241284Google Scholar
Dyson, S and Van Dijk, J 2020 Application of a ridden horse ethogram to video recordings of 21 horses before and after diag-nostic analgesia: Reduction in behaviour scores. Equine Veterinary Education 32: 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, LA, Churruca, K and Braithwaite, J 2017 Mental health services conceptualised as complex adaptive systems: what can be learned? International Journal of Mental Health Systems 11: 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-017-0150-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fureix, C, Gorecka-Bruzda, A, Gautier, E and Hausberger, M 2011 Co-occurrence of yawning and stereotypic behaviour in horses (Equus caballus). ISRN Zoology 2011: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/271209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fureix, C, Menguy, H and Hausberger, M 2010 Partners with bad temper: reject or cure? A study of chronic pain and aggression in horses. PLoS One 5: e12434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, D 2003 Horse behaviour: evolution, domestication and feralisation. In: Waran, N (ed) The Welfare of Horses. Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48215-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Górecka-Bruzda, A, Kosiń ska, I, Jaworski, Z, Jezierski, T and Murphy, J 2015 Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dres-sage horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10: 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhalgh, T and Papoutsi, C 2018 Studying complexity in health services research: desperately seeking an overdue paradigm shift. BMC Medicine 16: 95–95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1089-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grenager, NS, Divers, TJ, Mohammed, HO, Johnson, AL, Albright, J and Reuss, SM 2010 Epidemiological features and association with crib-biting in horses with neurological disease associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (1991–2008). Equine Veterinary Education 22: 467–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00101.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunderson, LH and Hollong, CS 2002 Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press: Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Hall, C, Goodwin, D, Heleski, C, Randle, H and Waran, N 2008 Is there evidence of learned helplessness in horses? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: Equitation Science 11: 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888700802101130CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, C and Heleski, C 2017 The role of the ethogram in equi-tation science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 190: 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampton, JO, Jones, B and McGreevy, PD 2020 Social license and animal welfare: Developments from the past decade in Australia. Animals 10: 2237. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/12/2237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanis, F, Chung, ELT, Kamalludin, MH and Idrus, Z 2020 The influence of stable management and feeding practices on the abnormal behaviors among stabled horses in Malaysia. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 94: 103230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heleski, C, Stowe, C, Fiedler, JM, Peterson, M, Brady, CM, Wickens, C and Macleod, J 2020 Thoroughbred racehorse wel-fare through the lens of ‘social license to operate—with an emphasis on a U.S. perspective. Sustainability 12: 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051706CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemmann, K, Raekallio, M, Vainio, O and Juga, J 2014 Crib-biting and its heritability in Finnhorses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 156: 37–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applan-im.2014.04.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, AJZ 2020 What is equine welfare really? An equine psychologist explores the gap between our perception of good welfare and the reality for many horses. Canadian Horse Annual. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339848888_What_is_E quine_Welfare_ReallyGoogle Scholar
Hockenhull, J and Creighton, E 2012 Equipment and training risk factors associated with ridden behaviour problems in UK leisure horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 137: 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.01.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hockenhull, J and Creighton, E 2013 The use of equipment and training practices and the prevalence of owner-reported ridden behaviour problems in UK leisure horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 45: 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00567.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hockenhull, J and Creighton, E 2015 The day-to-day manage-ment of UK leisure horses and the prevalence of owner-reported stable-related and handling behaviour problems. Animal Welfare 24: 29–36. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.1.029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horseman, S 2017 The four priority welfare challenges. Equine Veterinary Education 29: 415–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12729CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houpt, KA 2012 Motivation for cribbing by horses. Animal Welfare 21: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812799129367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Society for Equitation Science 2021a About ISES. https://equitationscience.com/about/Google Scholar
International Society for Equitation Science 2021b January 2021 International Society for Equitation Science Newsletter. https://equitationscience.com/media/january-international-soci-ety-of-equation-science-newsletterGoogle Scholar
Jones, B and McGreevy, PD 2010 Ethical equitation: Applying a cost-benefit approach. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 5: 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2010.04.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalra, S, Kapoor, N, Kota, S and Das, S 2020 Person-cen-tred obesity care - techniques, thresholds, tools and targets. European Endocrinology 16: 11–13. https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2020.16.1.11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, R, Mackay, M, Nash, KL, Cvitanovic, C, Allison, EH, Armitage, D, Bonn, A, Cooke, SJ, Frusher, S, Fulton, EA, Halpern, BS, Lopes, PFM, Milner-Gulland, EJ, Peck, MA, Pecl, GT, Stephenson, RL and Werner, F 2019 Ten tips for developing interdisciplinary socio-ecological researchers. Socio-Ecological Practice Research 1: 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-019-00018-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kienapfel, K, Link, Y and König v Borstel, U 2014 Prevalence of different head-neck positions in horses shown at dressage competitions and their relation to conflict behaviour and per-formance marks. PLoS One 9: e103140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirsty, R, Andrew, H, Meriel, M-C and Catherine, H 2015 Cognitive differences in horses performing locomotor versus oral stereotypic behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 168: 37–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.04.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
König v Borstel, U, Visser, EK and Hall, C 2017 Indicators of stress in equitation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 190: 43–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krisová, Š, Žert, Z and Žuffová, K 2015 Assessment of modified Forssell's myectomy success rate in the treatment of crib biting in horses. Acta Veterinaria Brno 84: 63–69. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201585010063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leme, DP, Parsekian, ABH, Kanaan, V and Hötzel, MJ 2014 Management, health, and abnormal behaviors of horses: A survey in small equestrian centers in Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 9: 114–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.01.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesimple, C, Fureix, C, Aube, L and Hausberger, M 2016b Detecting and measuring back disorders in nonverbal individ-uals: The example of domestic horses. Animal Behavior and Cognition 3: 159–179. https://doi.org/10.12966/abc.05.08.2016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesimple, C, Fureix, C, Menguy, H and Hausberger, M 2010 Human direct actions may alter animal welfare, a study on horses (Equus caballus). PLoS One 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesimple, C, Gautier, E, Benhajali, H, Rochais, C, Lunel, C, Bensaïd, S, Khalloufi, A, Henry, S and Hausberger, M 2019 Stall architecture influences horses’ behaviour and the prevalence and type of stereotypies. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 219: 104833. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesimple, C and Hausberger, M 2014 How accurate are we at assessing others’ well-being? The example of welfare assessment in horses. Frontiers in Psychology 5: 21–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lesimple, C, Poissonnet, A and Hausberger, M 2016a How to keep your horse safe? An epidemiological study about manage-ment practices. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 181: 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.04.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesimple, C, Reverchon-Billot, L, Galloux, P, Stomp, M, Boichot, L, Coste, C, Henry, S and Hausberger, M 2020 Free movement: A key for welfare improvement in sport horses? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linton, A 2020 The Whole Horse Podcast. Understanding equine anatomy to enhance wellbeing with Thirza Hendricks. https://pod-casts.apple.com/au/podcast/whole-horse-understanding-equine-anatomy-to-enhance/id1340545441?i=1000475740068Google Scholar
Lupton, JI 1884 Evils of modern stables. In: Fox, MW (ed) Mayhew's Illustrated Horse Management pp 155–161. H Allen & Co: Washington, DC, USA. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesreposito-ry.org/acwp_ewp/1/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMynowski, DP 2007 Pausing at the brink of interdisciplinar-ity: Power and knowledge at the meeting of social and biophysical science. Ecology and Society 12: 20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02009-120120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malamed, R, Berger, J, Bain, MJ, Kass, P and Spier, SJ 2010 Retrospective evaluation of crib-biting and windsucking behav-iours and owner-perceived behavioural traits as risk factors for colic in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 42: 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00096.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malmkvist, J, Poulsen, JM, Luthersson, N, Palme, R, Christensen, JW and Søndergaard, E 2012 Behaviour and stress responses in horses with gastric ulceration. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 142: 160–167. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansmann, RA, Currie, MC, Correa, MT, Sherman, B and vom Orde, K 2011 Equine behavior problems—around farriery: Foot pain in 11 horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 31: 44–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2010.11.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, G 2006 Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare, Second Edition. CABI: Cambridge, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzola, S, Palestrini, C, Cannas, S, Fè, E, Bagnato, GL, Vigo, D, Frank, D and Minero, M 2016 Efficacy of a feed dispenser for horses in decreasing cribbing behaviour. Veterinary Medicine International 2016: 4698602–4698606. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4698602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGreevy, P, McLean, A, Warren-Smith, A, Waran, N and Goodwin, D 2005 Defining the terms and processes associated with equitation. In: McGreevy, P, McLean, A, Warren-Smith, AK, Goodwin, D and Waran, N (eds) Proceedings of the 1st International Equitation Science Symposium pp 10–43. Melbourne, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
McGreevy, P, Warren-Smith, A and Guisard, Y 2012 The effect of double bridles and jaw-clamping crank nosebands on temperature of eyes and facial skin of horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 7: 142–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntyre-Mills, J 2020 The COVID-19 era: No longer business as usual. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 37: 827–838. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2745Google ScholarPubMed
McLean, AN 2013 Training the ridden animal: An ancient hall of mirrors. The Veterinary Journal 196: 133–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, AN and Christensen, JW 2017 The application of learning theory in horse training. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 190: 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellor, DJ 2016 Updating animal welfare thinking: Moving beyond the ‘Five Freedoms’ towards ‘A Life Worth Living.’ Animals 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6030021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellor, DJ 2020 Mouth pain in horses: Physiological foundations, behavioural indices, welfare implications, and a suggested solution. Animals 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040572CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Normando, S, Meers, L, Samuels, WE, Faustini, M and Ödberg, FO 2011 Variables affecting the prevalence of behaviour-al problems in horses. Can riding style and other management fac-tors be significant? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 133: 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.06.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ödberg, FO and Bouissou, MF 1999 The development of equestrianism from the baroque period to the present day and its consequences for the welfare of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 28: 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05152.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E 2007 A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 104: 15181–15187. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702288104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padalino, B, Henshall, C, Raidal, SL, Knight, P, Celi, P, Jeffcott, L and Muscatello, G 2017 Investigations into equine transport-related problem behaviors: Survey results. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 48: 166–173.e162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, G, Reardon, R, Keen, J and Waran, N 2020 Difficult horses – prevalence, approaches to management of and under-standing of how they develop by equine veterinarians. Equine Veterinary Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawluk, A, Beilin, R, Bender, H and Ford, R 2020 Finding our-selves in the messy entanglement of complexity: An introduction to the challenges and opportunities in social ecological systems. In: Rawluk, A, Beilin, R, Bender, H and Ford, R (eds) Practices in Social Ecological Research: Interdisciplinary collaboration in ‘adaptive doing’ pp 1–6. Springer International Publishing: Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31189-6_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, IH 1999 The human-horse relationship: how much do we know? Equine Veterinary Journal 31: 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05155.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochais, C, Henry, S and Hausberger, M 2018 “Hay-bags” and “Slow feeders”: Testing their impact on horse behaviour and wel-fare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 198: 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.09.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohlf, K 2020 Happy athlete from psychology perspective with Antonia Henderson PhD. Horse Training in Harmony (No 14). https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/horse-training-in-harmo-ny/id1528419883Google Scholar
Roy, ED, Morzillo, A, Seijo, F, Reddy, S, Rhemtulla, J, Milder, J, Kuemmerle, T and Martin, S 2013 The elusive pursuit of inter-disciplinarity at the human-environment interface. BioScience 63: 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.9.10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruet, A, Lemarchand, J, Parias, C, Mach, N, Moisan, MP, Foury, A, Briant, C and Lansade, L 2019 Housing horses in indi-vidual boxes is a challenge with regard to welfare. Animals 9: 621. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090621CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straw, S, Spry, E, Yanawana, L, Matsumoto, V, Cox, D, Cox, E, Singleton, S, Houston, N, Scott, L and Marley, JV 2019 Understanding lived experiences of Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes living in remote Kimberley communities: diabetes, it don't come and go, it stays. Australian Journal of Primary Health 25: 486–494. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY19021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tadich, T, Weber, C and Nicol, CJ 2013 Prevalence and factors associated with abnormal behaviors in Chilean racehorses: A direct observational study. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33: 95–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uldahl, M and Clayton, HM 2019 Lesions associated with the use of bits, nosebands, spurs and whips in Danish competition horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 51: 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12827CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Weeren, PR 2008 How long will equestrian traditionalism resist science? The Veterinary Journal 175: 289–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahyuni, D 2012 The research design maze: Understanding par-adigms, cases, methods and methodologies. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research 10: 69–80. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2103082Google Scholar
Waite, K, Heleski, C and Ewing, M 2018 Quantifying aggressive riding behavior of youth barrel racers and conflict behaviors of their horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 24: 36–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Z, Böhme, J and Wamsler, C 2021 Towards a relational paradigm in sustainability research, practice, and edu-cation. Ambio 50: 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01322-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, JA, Watts, RJ, Allan, C and Conallin, JC 2018 Adaptive management of environmental flows. Environmental Management 61: 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0981-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Horse Welfare 2015 Removing the Blinkers (Report). 122. https://www.worldhorsewelfare.org/about-us/our-organisation/our-positions/responsible-ownershipGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Luke et al. supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 178 KB