Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T03:06:24.769Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 February 2020

Aqeela Ashraf  and
Muhammad Imran
Aqeela Ashraf
Affiliation:
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore54000, Pakistan Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Imran*
Affiliation:
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore54000, Pakistan
*
Author for correspondence: Muhammad Imran, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore54000, Pakistan. Email: muhammad.imran@uvas.edu.pk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mastitis is among the most common and challenging diseases of dairy animals. It is an inflammation of udder tissues due to physical damage, chemical irritation, or infection caused by certain pathogens. Bovine mastitis has been known for ages, but its complex etiology and multi-factorial nature make it difficult to control. Mastitis may have a negative impact on human health by inducing antibiotic-resistant pathogens that may spread, which is threatening. Researchers are continuously struggling to devise suitable methods for mastitis control. Management strategies are mainly focused on disease prevention by farm management which includes proper hygiene, trained staff to monitor minor changes in the udder or milk, and better diagnostic and treatment methods. New technologies which have the potential to unravel this complicated disease include improved diagnostic tools, based on advanced genomics or proteomics, prevention, based on vaccines and immune modulators, and metabolic products of probiotics such as bacteriocins and gene therapy.

Keywords

Bovine mastitis
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , June 2020 , pp. 36 - 49
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abera, M, Demie, B, Aragaw, K, Regassa, F and Regassa, A (2010) Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitic milk and their drug resistance patterns in Adama town, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 2, 29–34.Google Scholar
Abunna, F, Fufa, G, Megersa, B and Regassa, A (2013) Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and bacterial isolation in small-holder dairy farms in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria 10, 647–652.Google Scholar
Addis, MF, Tanca, A, Uzzau, S, Oikonomou, G, Bicalho, RC and Moroni, P (2016) The bovine milk microbiota: insights and perspectives from -omics studies. Molecular BioSystems 12, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aebi, M, van den Borne, BH, Raemy, A, Steiner, A, Pilo, P and Bodmer, M (2015) Mycoplasma bovis infections in Swiss dairy cattle: a clinical investigation. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 57, 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmad, R (2001) Studies on mastitis among dairy buffaloes. Pakistan Veterinary Journal (Pakistan) 21, 220–221.Google Scholar
Akhtar, A and Tanweer, UAJ (2016) Prevalence of mastitis and identification of causative pathogens in local and crossbred cows in Dera Ismail Khan. Pakistan Journal of Science 64, 3.Google Scholar
Ali, MA, Ahmad, MD, Muhammad, K and Anjum, AA (2011) Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in dairy buffaloes of Punjab, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 21, 477–480.Google Scholar
Ali, T, Rahman, A, Qureshi, MS, Hussain, MT, Khan, MS, Uddin, S, Iqbal, M and Han, B (2014) Effect of management practices and animal age on incidence of mastitis in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, 1279–1285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ararsa, D, Tadele, T and Aster, Y (2014) Prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis on cross bred dairy cows at Holleta Agricultural Research Center, Central Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 6, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arif, A, Rehman, MU, Bhat, SA, Mir, BA, Bhat, RR, Mir, MR, Bilal, S and Hussain, I (2015) Scenario of genetic selection and its impact on bovine mastitis. International Journal for Agro Veterinary and Medical Sciences 9, 242–252.Google Scholar
Ashfaq, K and Muhammad, G (2008) Pathogens associated with bovine and bubaline mastitis in peri-urban areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences 6, 86–88.Google Scholar
Ashraf, A and Imran, M (2018) Diagnosis of bovine mastitis: from laboratory to farm. Tropical Animal Health and Production 50, 1193–1202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashraf, A, Imran, M, Yaqub, T, Tayyab, M, Shehzad, W and Thomson, PC (2017) A novel multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of nine clinically significant bacterial pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. Molecular and Cellular Probes 33, 57–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashraf, A, Imran, M, Yaqub, T, Tayyab, M, Shehzad, W, Mingala, CN and Chang, YF (2018) Development and validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in mastitic milk. Folia Microbiologica 1, 1–8.Google Scholar
Baird, SC, Carman, J, Dinsmore, RP, Walker, RL and Collins, JK (1999) Detection and identification of Mycoplasma from bovine mastitis infections using a nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11, 432–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bannerman, DD (2009) Pathogen-dependent induction of cytokines and other soluble inflammatory mediators during intramammary infection of dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 87, 10–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, PC, Miller, GY, Lance, SE and Heider, LE (1992) Clinical mastitis and intramammary infections on Ohio dairy farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 12, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bashir, S (2015) Bacteriological observations on mastitis of dairy cows. MSc Thesis, University of Khartoum.Google Scholar
Bhattarai, D, Worku, T, Dad, R, Rehman, ZU, Gong, X and Zhang, S (2018) Mechanism of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and host pathogen interplay in bovine mastitis. Microbial Pathogenesis 120, 64–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhutto, AL, Murray, RD and Woldehiwet, Z (2012) California mastitis test scores as indicators of subclinical intra-mammary infections at the end of lactation in dairy cows. Research in Veterinary Science 92, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bian, Y, Lv, Y and Li, Q (2014) Identification of diagnostic protein markers of subclinical mastitis in bovine whey using comparative proteomics. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 58, 385–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biek, R, O'Hare, A, Wright, D, Mallon, T, McCormick, C, Orton, RJ, McDowell, S, Trewby, H, Skuce, RA and Kao, RR (2012) Whole genome sequencing reveals local transmission patterns of Mycobacterium bovis in sympatric cattle and badger populations. PLoS Pathogen 8, 11.e1003008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blowey, R and Edmondson, P (2010) Milking machines and mastitis. In Blowey, R and Edmondson, P (eds.) Mastitis control in dairy herds, 2nd Edition. UK: CAB eBooks, CAB International, pp. 60–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosward, KL, House, JK, Deveridge, A, Mathews, K and Sheehy, PA (2016) Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 2142–2150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bottero, MT, Dalmasso, A, Soglia, D, Rosati, S, Decastelli, L and Civera, T (2004) Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the identification of pathogenic genes of Escherichia coli in milk and milk products. Molecular and Cellular Probes 18, 283–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, AJ and Green, MJ (1997) Clinical mastitis in dairy cows after ‘blitz’ therapy. Veterinary Record. 141, 179–180.Google ScholarPubMed
Bradley, AJ, Leach, KA, Breen, JE, Green, LE and Green, MJ (2007) Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales. Veterinary Record 160, 253–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bramely, AJ, Cullor, JS, Erskine, RJ, Fox, LK, Harmon, RJ, Hogan, JS, Nickerson, SC, Oliver, SP, Smith, KL and Sordillo, LM (1996) Current concepts of bovine mastitis. National Mastitis Council, 4th Edition. Fort Atkinson, U.S.A.: Hoard's Dairyman.Google Scholar
Calvinho, LF, Canavesio, VR, Iguzquiza, IA, Marioni, I, Puricelli, FG, Neder, VE, Tarabla, HD and Aubagna, MD (2007) Intramammary infections during the periparturient period in Argentine dairy heifers. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 39, 84–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Charman, N, Dyson, R, Hodge, A, Robertson, N and Chaplin, S (2012) A survey of mastitis pathogens in the south-eastern Australian dairy industry. In Proceedings of Countdown Symposium 2012. pp. 18–22.Google Scholar
Cheng, D, Zhu, S, Yin, Z, Ding, W, Mu, Z, Su, Z and Sun, H (2010) Prevalence of bacterial infection responsible for bovine mastitis. African Journal of Microbiology Research 4, 1110–1116.Google Scholar
Chinnappan, R, Al Attas, S, Kaman, WE, Bikker, FJ and Zourob, M (2017) Development of magnetic nanoparticle based calorimetric assay for the detection of bovine mastitis in cow milk. Analytical Biochemistry 523, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarridge, JE and Alerts, C (2004) Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, 840–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collado, R, Prenafeta, A, González-González, L, Pérez-Pons, JA and Sitjà, M (2016) Probing vaccine antigens against bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis. Vaccine 34, 3848–3854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Contreras, GA and Rodríguez, JM (2011) Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 16, 339–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coward, JE, Carr, HS and Rosenkranz, HS (1973) Silver sulfadiazine: effect on the ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3, 621–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cressier, B and Bissonnette, N (2011) Assessment of an extraction protocol to detect the major mastitis-causing pathogens in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 2171–2184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, PK and Joseph, E (2005) Identification and antibiogram of microbes associated with buffalo mastitis in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Buffalo Bulletin 24, 3–9.Google Scholar
De Vliegher, S, Fox, LKK, Piepers, S, McDougall, S and Barkema, HW (2012) Invited review: mastitis in dairy heifers: nature of the disease, potential impact, prevention, and control. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1025–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deb, R, Singh, U, Kumar, S (2012) Recent approaches for genomic selection in cattle breeding. Advances in Cattle Research. New Delhi: Satish Serial Publishing House, pp. 229–260.Google Scholar
Dego, OK, Almeida, RA, Saxton, AM, Abdi, RD, Ensermu, DB and Oliver, SP (2018) Bovine intramammary infection associated immunogenic surface proteins of Streptococcus uberis. Microbial Pathogenesis 115, 304–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieser, SA, Vissio, C, Lasagno, MC, Bogni, CI, Larriestra, AJ and Odierno, LM (2014) Prevalence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in Argentinean dairy herds. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 34, 124–126.Google Scholar
Dmitriev, A, Bhide, M and Mikula, I (2006) Cpn60 gene-based multiplex-PCR assay for simultaneous identification of streptococcal species. Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, 235–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
dos Reis, CBM, Barreiro, JR, Mestieri, L, de Felício Porcionato, MA and dos Santos, MV (2013) Effect of somatic cell count and mastitis pathogens on milk composition in Gyr cows. BMC Veterinary Research 9, 1.Google Scholar
dos Santos Nascimento, J, Fagundes, PC, de Paiva Brito, MAV, Dos Santos, KRN and de Freire Bastos, M (2005) Production of bacteriocins by coagulase-negative staphylococci involved in bovine mastitis. Veterinary Microbiology 106, 61–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Down, PM, Green, MJ and Hudson, CD (2013) Rate of transmission: a major determinant of the cost of clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 6301–6314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson Unnerstad, H, Lindberg, A, Persson Waller, K, Ekman, T, Artursson, K, Nilsson-Öst, M and Bengtsson, B (2009) Microbial aetiology of acute clinical mastitis and agent-specific risk factors. Veterinary Microbiology 137, 90–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fadlelmula, A, Dughaym, AMAL, Mohamed, GE, Deib, MKAL, Zubaidy, AJAL and Ahsa, A (2009) Bovine mastitis: epidemiological, clinical and etiological study in a Saudi Arabian large dairy farm. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12, 199–206.Google Scholar
Fan, W, Plaut, K, Bramley, AJ, Barlow, JW and Kerr, DE (2002) Adenoviral-mediated transfer of a lysostaphin gene into the goat mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 1709–1716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fang, W, Jiang, C and Liu, H (1993) Epidemiologic aspects of bovine mastitis and its control in several dairy herds in southeastern China. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 15, 169–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fang, L, Sahana, G, Ma, P, Su, G, Yu, Y, Zhang, S, Lund, MS and Sørensen, P (2017) Exploring the genetic architecture and improving genomic prediction accuracy for mastitis and milk production traits in dairy cattle by mapping variants to hepatic transcriptomic regions responsive to intra-mammary infection. Genetics Selection Evolution 49, 44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federman, C, Joo, J, Almario, JA, Salaheen, S and Biswas, D (2016) Citrus-derived oil inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and alters its interactions with bovine mammary cells. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 3667–3674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felipe, V, Breser, ML, Bohl, LP, da Silva, ER, Morgante, CA, Correa, SG and Porporatto, C (2019) Chitosan disrupts biofilm formation and promotes biofilm eradication in Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 126, 60–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Festa, M, Brun, P, Piccinini, R, Castagliuolo, I, Basso, B and Zecconi, A (2013) Staphylococcus aureus Efb protein expression in Nicotiana tabacum and immune response to oral administration. Research of Veterinary Science 94, 484–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, LK and Gay, JM (1993) Contagious mastitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 9, 475–487.Google ScholarPubMed
Ganda, EK, Bisinotto, RS, Lima, SF, Kronauer, K, Decter, DH, Oikonomou, G, Schukken, YH and Bicalho, RC (2016 a) Longitudinal metagenomic profiling of bovine milk to assess the impact of intramammary treatment using a third-generation cephalosporin. Scientific Reports 6, 33–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganda, EK, Bisinotto, RS, Vasquez, AK, Teixeira, AGV, Machado, VS, Foditsch, C, Bicalho, M, Lima, FS, Stephens, L, Gomes, MS and Dias, JM (2016 b) Effects of injectable trace mineral supplementation in lactating dairy cows with elevated somatic cell counts. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 7319–7329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Genini, S, Badaoui, B, Sclep, G, Bishop, SC, Waddington, D, van der Laan, MH, Klopp, C, Cabau, C, Seyfert, HM, Petzl, W and Jensen, K (2011 a) Strengthening insights into host responses to mastitis infection in ruminants by combining heterogeneous microarray data sources. BMC Genomics 12, 225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Genini, S, Badaoui, B, Sclep, G, Bishop, SC, Waddington, D, van Der Laan, MH, Klopp, C, Cabau, C, Seyfert, HM, Petzl, W, Jensen, K, Glass, EJ, de Greeff, A, Smith, HE, Smits, MA, Olsaker, I, Boman, GM, Pisoni, G, Moroni, P, Castiglioni, B, Cremonesi, P, Del Corvo, M, Foulon, E, Foucras, G, Rupp, R and Giuffra, E (2011 b) Strengthening insights into host responses to mastitis infection in ruminants by combining heterogeneous microarray data sources. BMC Genomics 12, 225–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, FB, Cunha, P, Jensen, K, Glass, EJ, Foucras, G, Robert-Granié, C, Rupp, R and Rainard, P (2013) Differential response of bovine mammary epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli agonists of the innate immune system. Veterinary Research 44, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillespie, BE, Moorehead, H, Lunn, P, Dowlen, HH, Johnson, DL, Lamar, KC, Lewis, MJ, Ivey, SJ, Hallberg, JW, Chester, ST and Oliver, SP (2002) Efficacy of extended pirlimycin hydrochloride therapy for treatment of environmental Streptococcus spp and Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in lactating dairy cows. Veterinary Therapeutics 3, 373–380.Google ScholarPubMed
Gomes, F, Saavedra, MJ and Henriques, M (2016) Bovine mastitis disease/pathogenicity: evidence of the potential role of microbial biofilms. Pathogens and Disease 74, 1–19. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftw006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graber, HU, Casey, MG, Naskova, J, Steiner, A and Schaeren, W (2007) Development of a highly sensitive and specific assay to detect Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitic milk. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 4661–4669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gröhn, YT, Wilson, DJ, González, RN, Hertl, JA, Schulte, H, Bennett, G and Schukken, YH (2004) Effect of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 3358–3374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Günther, J, Esch, K, Poschadel, N, Petzl, W, Zerbe, H, Mitterhuemer, S, Blum, H and Seyfert, HM (2011) Comparative kinetics of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus specific activation of key immune pathways in mammary epithelial cells demonstrates that S. aureus elicits a delayed response dominated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) but not by IL-1A or tumor n. Infection and Immunity 79, 695–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurjar, A, Gioia, G, Schukken, Y, Welcome, F, Zadoks, R and Moroni, P (2012) Molecular diagnostics applied to mastitis problems on dairy farms. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 28, 565–576.Google ScholarPubMed
Gurjar, Aa, Klaessig, S, Salmon, S, Yancey, RJ and Schukken, YH (2013) Evaluation of an alternative dosing regimen of a J-5 mastitis vaccine against intramammary Escherichia coli challenge in nonlactating late-gestation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 5053–5063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasa, T, Huijps, K, Østerås, O and Hogeveen, H (2007) Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management: a review. The Veterinary Quarterly 29, 18–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasa, T, Nielen, M, Whist, aC and Osterås, O (2009) Meta-analysis of dry cow management for dairy cattle. Part 2. Cure of existing intramammary infections. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3150–3157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon, RJ (1994) Physiology of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2103–2112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawari, AD and Hassawi, DS (2008) Mastitis in one humped she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Jordan. The Journal of Biological Sciences 8, 958–961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heikkilä, AM, Liski, E, Pyörälä, S and Taponen, S (2018) Pathogen-specific production losses in bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 9493–9504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiitiö, H, Riva, R, Autio, T, Pohjanvirta, T, Holopainen, J, Pyörälä, S and Pelkonen, S (2015) Performance of a real-time PCR assay in routine bovine mastitis diagnostics compared with in-depth conventional culture. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 200–208.Google ScholarPubMed
Hogeveen, H, Pyorala, S, Waller, KP, Hogan, JS, Lam, TJ, Oliver, SP, Schukken, YH, Barkema, HW and Hillerton, JE (2011). Current Status and Future Challenges in Mastitis Research In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, VA, USA: Arlington. pp. 36–48.Google Scholar
Hoque, MN, Das, ZC, Talukder, AK, Alam, MS and Rahman, ANMA (2015) Different screening tests and milk somatic cell count for the prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis in Bangladesh. Tropical Animal Health and Production 47, 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hospido, A and Sonesson, U (2005) The environmental impact of mastitis: a case study of dairy herds. Science of the Total Environment 343, 71–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huijps, K, Lam, TJ and Hogeveen, H (2008) Costs of mastitis: facts and perception. Journal of Dairy Research 75, 113–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurley, WL and Theil, PK (2011) Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients 3, 442–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, R, Javed, MT, Khan, A (2012) Changes in some biochemical parameters and somatic cell counts in the milk of buffalo and cattle suffering from mastitis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 32, 418–421.Google Scholar
Huxley, JN, Green, MJ, Green, LE and Bradley, AJ (2002) Evaluation of the efficacy of an internal teat sealer during the dry period. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 551–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isobe, N, Hosoda, K and Yoshimura, Y (2009) Immunolocalization of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) in the bovine mammary gland. Animal Science Journal 80, 446–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, SJ, Cho, Y II, Kim, KH and Cho, ES (2016) Proteomic analysis to elucidate the antibacterial action of silver ions against bovine mastitis pathogens. Biological Trace Element Research 171, 101–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kayano, M, Itoh, M, Kusaba, N, Hayashiguchi, O, Kida, K, Tanaka, Y, Kawamoto, K and Gröhn, YT (2018) Associations of the first occurrence of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis with milk yield and milk composition in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 85, 309–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, AZ and Muhammad, G (2005) Quarter-wise comparative prevalence of mastitis in buffaloes and crossbred cows. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 25, 23–26.Google Scholar
Kirk, JH and Bartlett, PC (1984) Nonclinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a dairy herd. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 184, 671–673.Google Scholar
Koskinen, MT, Wellenberg, GJ, Sampimon, OC, Holopainen, J, Rothkamp, A, Salmikivi, L, Haeringen, W, Lam, TJGM and Pyörälä, S (2010) Field comparison of real-time polymerase chain reaction and bacterial culture for identification of bovine mastitis bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 5707–5715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kossaibati, MA and Esslemont, RJ (1997) The costs of production diseases in dairy herds in England. The Veterinary Journal 154, 41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuang, Y, Tani, K, Synnott, AJ, Ohshima, K, Higuchi, H, Nagahata, H and Tanji, Y (2009) Characterization of bacterial population of raw milk from bovine mastitis by culture-independent PCR–DGGE method. Biochemical Engineering Journal 45, 76–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange-Consiglio, a, Spelta, C, Garlappi, R, Garlappi, R, Luini, M and Cremonesi, F (2014) Intramammary administration of platelet concentrate as an unconventional therapy in bovine mastitis: first clinical application. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 6223–6230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, SU, Quesnell, M, Fox, LK, Yoon, JW, Park, YH, Davis, WC, Falk, D, Deobald, CF and Bohach, GA (1998) Characterization of staphylococcal bovine mastitis isolates using the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Food Protection 61, 1384–1386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehtolainen, T, Røntved, C and Pyörälä, S (2004) Serum amyloid A and TNF alpha in serum and milk during experimental endotoxin mastitis. Veterinary Research 35, 651–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levison, L, Miller-Cushon, E, Tucker, A, Bergeron, R, Leslie, KE, Barkema, HW and DeVries, TJ (2016) Incidence rate of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on conventional and organic Canadian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 1341–1350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liau, SY, Read, DC, Pugh, WJ, Furr, JR and Russell, AD (1997) Interaction of silver nitrate with readily identifiable groups: relationship to the antibacterial action of silver ions. Letters in Applied Microbiology 25, 279–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machado, VS, Bicalho, MLS, Pereira, RV, Caixeta, LS, Knauer, WA, Oikonomou, G, Gilbert, RO and Bicalho, RC (2013) Effect of an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese on the health and production of lactating Holstein cows. Veterinary Journal 197, 451–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madouasse, A, Huxley, JN, Browne, WJ, Bradley, AJ and Green, MJ (2010) Somatic cell count dynamics in a large sample of dairy herds in England and Wales. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 96, 56–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makovec, JA and Ruegg, PL (2003) Results of milk samples submitted for microbiological examination in Wisconsin from 1994 to 2001. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3466–3472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malvisi, M, Stuknyte, M, Magro, G, Minozzi, G, Giardini, A, Noncty, D and Piccinini, R (2016) Antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory effects on a bovine mammary epithelial cell line exerted by nisin A-producing Lactococcus lactis strains. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 2288–2296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansor, R, Mullen, W, Albalat, A, Zerefos, P, Mischak, H, Barrett, DC, Biggs, A and Eckersall, PD (2013) A peptidomic approach to biomarker discovery for bovine mastitis. Journal of Proteomics 85, 89–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, P, Barkema, HW, Brito, LF, Narayana, SG and Miglior, F (2018) Symposium review: novel strategies to genetically improve mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 2724–2736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martins, RP, da Silva, JAG, Nakazato, L, Dutra, V and Filho, ESA (2010) Prevalence and infectious etiology of bovine mastitis in the Cuiabá-MT microregion. Brazilian Animal Science 11, 181–187.Google Scholar
McDougall, S (1999) Prevalence of clinical mastitis in 38 Waikato dairy herds in early lactation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 47, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meiri-Bendek, I, Lipkin, E, Friedmann, A, Leitner, G, Saran, A, Friedman, S and Kashi, Y (2002) A PCR-based method for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in milk. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 1717–1723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mekonnen, H and Tesfaye, A (2010) Prevalence and etiology of mastitis and related management factors in market oriented smallholder dairy farms in Adama, Ethiopia. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 161, 574–579.Google Scholar
Miller, RH, Paape, MJ and Acton, JC (1986) Comparison of milk somatic cell counts by Coulter and Fossomatic counters. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 1942–1946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, P, Page, KL and Hillerton, JE (1997) The effects of early antibiotic treatment following diagnosis of mastitis detected by a change in the electrical conductivity of milk. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 859–863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moon, JS, Koo, HC, Joo, YS, Jeon, SH, Hur, DS, Chung, CI, Jo, HS and Park, YH (2007) Application of a new portable microscopic somatic cell counter with disposable plastic chip for milk analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 2253–2259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreira, LH, de Souza, JC, de Lima, CJ, Salgado, MA, Fernandes, AB, Andreani, DI, Villaverde, AB and Zângaro, RA (2018) Use of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 21, 246–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muellner, AN, Schaefer, H and Lahaye, R (2011) Evaluation of candidate DNA barcoding loci for economically important timber species of the mahogany family (Meliaceae). Molecular Ecology Resources 11, 450–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhammad, G, Athar, M, Shakoor, A, Khan, MZ, Rehman, F and Ahmad, MT (1995) Surf Field Mastitis Test: an inexpensive new tool for evaluation of wholesomeness of fresh milk. Pakistan Journal of Food Science 5, 91–93.Google Scholar
Mustafa, H, Khan, WA, Heather, HJ, Kuthu, ZH, EuiSoo, KE, Ajmal, A, Ain, NU and Sonstegard, TS (2018) Performance of bovine high density SNPs genotyping array in indigenous Pakistani cattle breeds. Pure and Applied Biology 7, 221–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neder, V, Signorini, M, Cuatrin, A, Gianre, V and Calvinho, L (2015) Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of bovine mastitis in cold tank milk and evaluation of culture media for recourse and the identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Fave Veterinary Sciences Section 13, 20–27.Google Scholar
Neethirajan, S (2017) Recent advances in wearable sensors for animal health management. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 12, 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, L, Franklin, A and Funke, H (1997) Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of bovine udder pathogens in Sweden. Proceedings Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Chester, England.Google Scholar
Nonnemann, B, Lyhs, U, Svennesen, L, Kristensen, KA, Klaas, IC and Pedersen, K (2019) Bovine mastitis bacteria resolved by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 2515–2524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olde Riekerink, RGM, Barkema, HW, Kelton, DF and Scholl, DT (2008) Incidence rate of clinical mastitis on Canadian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1366–1377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliszewski, R, Nunez de Kairuz, MS, Gonzalez De Elias, SN and Oliver, G (2002) Assessment of β-glucuronidase levels in goat's milk as an indicator of mastitis: comparison with other mastitis detection methods. Journal of Food Protection 65, 864–866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliver, SP, Gonzalez, RN, Hogan, JS, Jayarao, BM and Owens, WE (2004) Microbiological Procedures for the Diagnosis of Bovine Udder Infection and Determination of Milk Quality. Verona WI, USA: National Mastitis Council.Google Scholar
Oviedo-Boyso, J, Valdez-Alarcón, JJ, Cajero-Juárez, M, Ochoa-Zarzosa, A, López-Meza, JE, Bravo-Patino, A and Baizabal-Aguirre, VM (2007) Innate immune response of bovine mammary gland to pathogenic bacteria responsible for mastitis. Journal of Infection 54, 399–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ovington, LG (2001) Battling bacteria in wound care. Home Healthcare Nurse 19, 622–630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, WE, Ray, CH, Watts, JL and Yancey, RJ (1997) Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 313–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pankaj, AS, Chhabra, R and Sindhu, N (2013) Sub-clinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes with special reference to prevalence, etiology and antibiogram. Buffalo Bulletin 32, 107–113.Google Scholar
Parada, JL, Gonçalves, D, Soccol, VT, Lima, M and Soccol, CR (2011) Bovine mastitis in the metropolitan area of Curitiba: antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial control of the infection. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 54, 709–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pengov, A (2002) Prevalence of mycototic mastitis in cows. Acta Veterinaria Brno 52, 133–136.Google Scholar
Petrovski, KR, Williamson, NB, Lopez-Villalobos, N, Parkinson, TJ and Tucker, IG (2011) Culture results from milk samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories from August 2003 to December 2006 in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59, 317–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petti, CA, Polage, CR and Schreckenberger, P (2005) The role of 16S rRNA gene sequencing in identification of microorganisms misidentified by conventional methods. Society 43, 6123–6125.Google ScholarPubMed
Petzer, I, Karzis, J, Watermeyer, JC, Van Der Schans, TJ and Van Reenen, R (2009) Trends in udder health and emerging mastitogenic pathogens in South African dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 17–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Petzl, W, Zerbe, H, Gunther, J, Yang, W, Seyfert, HM and Schuberth, HJ (2008) Escherichia coli, but not Staphylococcus aureus triggers an early increased expression of factors contributing to the innate immune defense in the udder of the cow. Veterinary Research 39, 18–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petzl, W, Zerbe, H, Günther, J, Seyfert, HM, Hussen, J and Schuberth, HJ (2018) Pathogen-specific responses in the bovine udder. Models and immunoprophylactic concepts. Research in Veterinary Science 116, 55–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phuektes, P, Mansell, PD and Browning, GF (2001) Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal causes of bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1140–1148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phuektes, P, Browning, GF, Anderson, G and Mansell, PD (2003) Multiplex polymerase chain reaction as a mastitis screening test for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis in bulk milk samples. Journal of Dairy Research 70, 149–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccart, K, Vásquez, A, Piepers, S, De Vliegher, S and Olofsson, TC (2016) Short communication: lactic acid bacteria from the honeybee inhibit the in vitro growth of mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 2940–2944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pol, M and Ruegg, PL (2007 a) Treatment practices and quantification of antimicrobial drug usage in conventional and organic dairy farms in Wisconsin. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 249–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pol, M and Ruegg, PL (2007 b) Relationship between antimicrobial drug usage and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 262–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomeroy, B, Gurjar, A, Sipka, A, Klaessig, S, Salmon, S, Quesnell, R and Schukken, YH (2016) Intramammary immunization with ultraviolet-killed Escherichia coli shows partial protection against late gestation intramammary challenge with a homologous strain. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 9014–9026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, J, Anderson, J, Carter, L, Donjacour, E and Paros, M (2016) In vitro evaluation of a novel bacteriophage cocktail as a preventative for bovine coliform mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 2053–2062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinn, PJ, Carter, ME, Markey, BK and Carter, GR (1999) Clinical Veterinary Microbial. Baltimore: Wolfe, 327–344.Google Scholar
Radostitis, OM, Gay, CC, Blood, DC and Hinchcliff, KW (2000) Veterinary Medicine. 9th Edn. Elsevier Health Sciences, London: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Rambeaud, M, Almeida, RA, Pighetti, GM and Oliver, SP (2003) Dynamics of leukocytes and cytokines during experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 96, 193–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranjan, R, Gupta, M and Singh, K (2011) Study of bovine mastitis in different climatic conditions in Jharkhand, India. Veterinary World 4, 205–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regev, G, Martins, J, Sheridan, MP, Leemhuis, J, Thompson, J and Miller, C (2018) Feasibility and preliminary safety of nitric oxide releasing solution as a treatment for bovine mastitis. Research in Veterinary Science 118, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyes-Jara, A, Cordero, N, Aguirre, J, Troncoso, M and Figueroa, G (2016) Antibacterial effect of copper on microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis. Frontiers in Microbiology 7, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivas, AL, Tadevosyan, R, Quimby, FW, Coksaygan, T and Lein, DH (2002) Identification of subpopulation of bovine mammary-gland phagocytes and evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of morphologic and functional indicators of bovine mastitis. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 66, 165–172.Google ScholarPubMed
Royster, E and Wagner, S (2015) Treatment of mastitis in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice 31, 17–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruegg, PL (2011) Risk factors associated with short-term post-treatment outcomes of clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 3397–3410.Google Scholar
Ruegg, PL, Erskine, RJ and Morin, DE (2014). Mammary Gland Health. Large Anim Intern Med, 5th Edn. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, pp. 1015–1043.Google Scholar
Sadaf, N, Ahmed, K, Nafees, MA and Khan, T (2016) Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis, identification of causative agents and sensitivity profile of isolates in Northern Pakistan. Nature and Science 14, 7–10.Google Scholar
Saini, V, McClure, JT, Léger, D, Dufour, S, Sheldon, AG, Scholl, DT and Barkema, HW (2012) Antimicrobial use on Canadian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1209–1221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scali, F, Camussone, C, Calvinho, LF, Cipolla, M and Zecconi, A (2015) Which are important targets in development of S. aureus mastitis vaccine? Research in Veterinary Science 100, 88–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schalm, OW (1957) Experiments and observations leading to development of the California Mastitis Test. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 130, 199–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Schlaberg, R, Simmon, KE and Fisher, MA (2012) A systematic approach for discovering novel, clinically relevant bacteria. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, 422–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, B and Henderson, L (2005) Diagnostic tools for animal diseases. Revue Scientific Technique 24, 243–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schukken, YH, Hertl, J, Bar, D, Bennett, GJ, González, RN, Rauch, BJ, Santisteban, C, Schulte, HF, Tauer, L and Welcome, FL (2009) Effects of repeated gram-positive and gram-negative clinical mastitis episodes on milk yield loss in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3091–3105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schukken, YH, Günther, J, Fitzpatrick, J, Fontaine, MC, Goetze, L, Holst, O, Leigh, J, Petzl, W, Schuberth, HJ, Sipka, A and Smith, DG (2011) Host-response patterns of intramammary infections in dairy cows. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 144, 270–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seegers, H and Fourichon, C (2003) Production effects related to mastitis and mastitis economics in dairy cattle herds. Veterinary Research 34, 475–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seroussi, E, Blum, SE, Krifucks, O, Lavon, Y and Leitner, G (2018) Application of pancreatic phospholipase A2 for treatment of bovine mastitis. PLoS ONE 13, e0203132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaheen, M, Tantary, H and Nabi, S (2016) A treatise on bovine mastitis: disease and disease economics, etiological basis, risk factors, impact on human health, therapeutic management, prevention and control strategy. Journal Advances in Dairy Research 4, 1–10.Google Scholar
Shamila-Syuhada, AK, Rusul, G, Wan-Nadiah, WA and Chuah, LO (2016) Prevalence and antibiotics resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates isolated from raw milk obtained from small-scale dairy farms in Penang, Malaysia. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 36, 98–102.Google Scholar
Sharma, N and Maiti, SK (2005) Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin E and selenium in sub clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 25, 76.Google Scholar
Sharma, A, Chhabra, R and Sindhu, N (2012) Prevalence of sub clinical mastitis in cows: its etiology and antibiogram. Indian Journal of Animal Research 46, 348–353.Google Scholar
Sheet, OH, Grabowski, NT, Klein, G and Abdulmawjood, A (2016) Development and validation of a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis milk samples. Molecular and Cellular Probes 30, 320–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shome, BR, Das Mitra, S, Bhuvana, M, Krithiga, N, Velu, D, Shome, R, Isloor, S, Barbuddhe, SB and Rahman, H (2011) Multiplex PCR assay for species identification of bovine mastitis pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology 111, 1349–1356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shook, GE (2006) Major advances in determining appropriate selection goals. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1349–1361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smolenski, G, Haines, S, Kwan, FY-S, Bond, J, Farr, V, Davis, SR, Stelwagen, K and Wheeler, TT (2007) Characterisation of host defence proteins in milk using a proteomic approach. Journal of Proteome Research 6, 207–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sol, J, Sampimon, OC, Barkema, HW and Schukken, YH (2000) Factors associated with cure after therapy of clinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 278–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sordillo, LM (2018) Mammary gland immunobiology and resistance to mastitis. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 34, 507–523.Google ScholarPubMed
Sordillo, LM, Shafer-Weaver, K and DeRosa, D (1997) Immunobiology of the mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1851–1865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sørensen, LP, Mark, T, Sørensen, MK and Østergaard, S (2010) Economic values and expected effect of selection index for pathogen-specific mastitis under Danish conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 358–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spanamberg, A, Wunder, EA Jr, Brayer Pereira, DI, Argenta, J, Sanches, EMC, Valente, P and Ferreiro, L (2008) Diversity of yeasts from bovine mastitis in Southern Brazil. Revista iberoamericana de micología 25, 154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoor, LE, McAdam, PR, Weinert, LA, Rambaut, A, Hasman, H, Aarestrup, FM, Kearns, AM, Larsen, AR, Skov, RL and Fitzgerald, JR (2013) Livestock origin for a human pandemic clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MBio 4, e00356–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sumathi, BR, Veeregowda, BM and Amitha, RG (2008) Prevalence and antibiogram profile of bacterial isolates from clinical bovine mastitis. Veterinary World 1, 237–238.Google Scholar
Sun, HC, Xue, FM, Qian, K, Fang, HX, Qiu, HL, Zhang, XY and Yin, ZH (2006) Intramammary expression and therapeutic effect of a human lysozyme-expressing vector for treating bovine mastitis. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 7, 324–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taponen, S, Salmikivi, L, Simojoki, H, Koskinen, MTT and Pyörälä, S (2009) Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based identification of bacteria in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis with no growth in conventional culturing. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 2610–2617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarfarosh, MA and Purohit, SK (2008) Isolation of Candida spp. mastitic cows and milkers. VetScan 3, 14–18.Google Scholar
Tekle, Y and Tsega, B (2016) Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and major pathogens in the Sidamo zone snnprs, Ethiopia. European Journal of Biology and Medical Science Research 4, 27–43.Google Scholar
Tenhagen, B, Ko, G, Wallmann, J and Heuwieser, W (2006) Prevalence of mastitis pathogens and their resistance against antimicrobial agents in dairy cows in Brandenburg, Germany. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 2542–2551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, FC, Geraghty, T, Simões, PB, Mshelbwala, FM, Haining, H and Eckersall, PD (2018) A pilot study of acute phase proteins as indicators of bovine mastitis caused by different pathogens. Research in Veterinary Science 119, 176–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tie, Z, Chunguang, W, Xiaoyuan, W, Xinghua, Z and Xiuhui, Z (2012) Loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cow suffering from mastitis. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012, 435982–435985.Google ScholarPubMed
Timms, LL (2004) Field trial evaluations of a novel persistent barrier teat dip for preventing mastitis during the dry period and as a potential substitute for dry cow antibiotic therapy. Animal Industry Report 650, 73.Google Scholar
Trevisi, E, Zecconi, A, Cogrossi, S, Razzuoli, E, Grossi, P and Amadori, M (2014) Strategies for reduced antibiotic usage in dairy cattle farms. Research in Veterinary Science 96, 229–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tschopp, R, Bonnemain, P, Nicolet, J and Burnens, A (2001) Epidemiological study of risk factors for Mycoplasma bovis infections in fattening calves. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 143, 461–467.Google ScholarPubMed
Twomey, DP, Wheelock, AI, Flynn, J, Meaney, WJ, Hill, C and Ross, RP (2000) Protection against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows using a bismuth-based teat seal containing the bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1981–1988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Soest, FJ, Santman-Berends, IM, Lam, TJ and Hogeveen, H (2016) Failure and preventive costs of mastitis on Dutch dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 8365–8374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasil, M, Zigo, F, Elečko, J, Zigová, M and Farkašová, Z (2017) Effect of peroral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E during late pregnancy on udder health and milk quality in dairy cows. Potravinárstvo: Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 11, 535–538.Google Scholar
Viguier, C, Arora, S, Gilmartin, N, Welbeck, K, O'Kennedy, R and O'Kennedy, R (2009) Mastitis detection: current trends and future perspectives. Trends in Biotechnology 27, 486–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virdis, S, Scarano, C, Cossu, F, Spanu, V, Spanu, C and De Santis, EPL (2010) Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis. Veterinary Medicine International 2010, 517060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volling, O and Krömker, V (2008) Udder health management practices in dairy enterprises to reduce the incidence of bovine mastitis. DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 115, 410–420.Google ScholarPubMed
Vukasinovic, N, Bacciu, N, Przybyla, CA, Boddhireddy, P and DeNise, SK (2017) Development of genetic and genomic evaluation for wellness traits in US Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 428–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, M, Zhang, Y and Zhu, J (2016) Anti-Staphylococcus aureus single-chain variable region fragments provide protection against mastitis in mice. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100, 2153–2162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wellenberg, GJ, Van Der Poel, WHM and Van Oirschot, JT (2002) Viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review. Veterinary Microbiology 88, 27–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichmann, F, Udikovic-kolic, N and Andrew, S (2014) Diverse antibiotic resistance genes in dairy cow manure. MBio 5, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, DJ, Gonzalez, RN and Das, HH (1997) Bovine mastitis pathogens in New York and Pennsylvania: prevalence and effects on somatic cell count and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 2592–2598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woolford, MW, Williamson, JH, Day, AM and Copeman, PJA (1998) The prophylactic effect of a teat sealer on bovine mastitis during the dry period and the following lactation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 12–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, F-L, Li, X-S, He, B-X, Du, Y-L, Li, G-H and Yang, B-B (2011) Bovine mastitis in subtropical dairy farms, 2005–2009. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10, 68–72.Google Scholar
Yue, Y, Hymøller, L, Jensen, SK, Lauridsen, C and Purup, S (2017) Effects of vitamin D and its metabolites on cell viability and Staphylococcus aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Veterinary Microbiology 203, 245–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zasloff, M (2002) Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 415, 389–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeise, J and Fritz, J (2019) Use and efficacy of homeopathy in prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis. Open Agriculture 4, 203–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, H, Du, M, Fox, L and Zhu, MJ (2016) Bactericidal effects of Cinnamon cassia oil against bovine mastitis bacterial pathogens. Food Control 66, 291–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar