Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T08:37:29.611Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

HOUSEHOLDERS AS WATER MANAGERS: A COMPARISON OF DOMESTIC-SCALE WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FROM TWO CENTRAL MAYA LOWLAND SITES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2018

Jeffrey L. Brewer
Jeffrey L. Brewer*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, 401 Braunstein Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
*
E-mail correspondence to: brewerjy@mail.uc.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Multiple studies conducted over the past few decades have recognized the necessity of rainwater collection and storage as a critical aspect in the evolution of Maya civilization. Few of these efforts, however, have emphasized the importance of managing water resources at the household level. Data are presented from two central lowland sites—the dispersed hinterland community of Medicinal Trail and the urban center of Yaxnohcah—that elucidate the function of small reservoirs and associated landscape modifications in residential water management. Despite differing physical geographies and trajectories of urban development, residents of both communities were clearly engaged in water management activities based, at least in part, on the creation and use of small reservoirs. Decentralized household water management practices appear to have been temporally and spatially widespread components of Maya civilization beginning in the Preclassic period.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , Spring 2018 , pp. 197 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E.W. 1991 Nucleation of Population and Water Storage Among the Ancient Maya. Science 251:632.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E.W., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 1993 The Programme for Belize (PfB) Archaeological Project: Report of Field Activities, 1992. University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E.W., and Jones, Richard C. 1981 Spatial Patterns and Regional Development among Classic Maya Cities. American Antiquity 46:301–322.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E.W., Scarborough, Vernon, Levi, Laura, Walling, Stanley, Dunning, Nicholas, Lewis, Brandon, Shaw, Leslie, King, Eleanor, Sullivan, Lauren, Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2004 Programme for Belize Archaeological Project: A History of Archaeological Research. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, Vol. 1, edited by Awe, Jaime, Morris, John, and Jones, Sherilyne, pp. 175–184. Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan.Google Scholar
Akpinar-Ferrand, Ezgi, Dunning, Nicholas P., Lentz, David L., and Jones, John G. 2012 Use of Aguadas as Water Management Sources in Two Southern Maya Lowland Sites. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:85–101.Google Scholar
Anaya Hernández, Armando 2013 Pozos de Sondeo. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, 2011 informe de la primera temporada de investigaciones, edited by Reese-Taylor, Kathryn and Hernández, Armando Anaya, pp. 19–33. Electronic document, http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/informes/Yaxnohcah2011.pdf.Google Scholar
Anaya Hernández, Armando, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn 2018 Introducción. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, informe de las 2014 y 2015 temporadas de investigaciones, edited by Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, pp. 1–3. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, and Dunning, Nicholas 1997 An Ancient Maya Reservoir and Dam at Tamarindito, el Peten, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 8:20–29.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Dunning, Nicholas, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Cook, Duncan E., and Lohse, Jon 2006 Impacts of the Ancient Maya on Soils and Soil Erosion in the Central Maya Lowlands. Catena 65:166–178.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Dunning, Nicholas, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Cook, Duncan E., and Lohse, Jon 2008 Human and Natural Impacts on Fluvial and Karst Depressions of the Maya Lowlands. Geomorphology 101:308–331.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Cook, Duncan, Dunning, Nicholas, Kennett, Douglas J., Krause, Samantha, Terry, Richard, Trein, Debora, and Valdez, Fred 2015a Ancient Maya Impacts on the Earth's Surface: An Early Anthropocene Analog? Quaternary Science Reviews 124:1–30.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Flood, Jonathan, Houston, Stephen, Garrison, Thomas G., Román, Edwin, Bozarth, Steve, and Doyle, James 2015b A Neighborly View: Water and Environmental History of the El Zotz Region. In Tikal: Paleoecology of an Ancient Maya City, edited by Lentz, David L., Dunning, Nicholas P., and Scarborough, Vernon L., pp. 258–279. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Dunning, Nicholas, Hageman, Jon, and Lohse, Jon 2002 Upland Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands: Ancient Maya Soil Conservation in Northwestern Belize. Geographical Review 92:372–397.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Pierre, and Michelet, Dominique 1994 Demografia en la zona Puuc: El recurso del método. Latin American Antiquity 5:289–311.Google Scholar
Brenner, Mark, Hodell, David A., Curtis, Jason H., Rosenmeier, Michael F., Anselmetti, Flavio S., and Ariztegui, Daniel 2003 Paleolimnological Approaches for Inferring Past Climate Change in the Maya Region: Recent Advances and Methodological Limitations. In The Lowland Maya Area, edited by Gomez-Pompa, Arturo, Allen, Michael, Fedick, Scott L., and Jimenez-Osomio, Juan J., pp. 45–60. Food Products Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brewer, Jeffrey L. 2007 Understanding the Role of a Small Depression in Ancient Maya Water Management at the Medicinal Trail Site, Northwestern Belize. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Brewer, Jeffrey L. 2018 Investigaciones en aguadas de escala residenciales. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, informe de las 2014 y 2015 temporadas de investigaciones, edited by Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, pp. 95–109. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Brewer, Jeffrey L., and Carr, Christopher 2018 Operation 22: Continuing Household Water Management Investigations at Yaxnohcah. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, informe de la 2016 temporada de investigaciones, edited by Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Brewer, Jeffrey L., Carr, Christopher, Dunning, Nicholas P., Walker, Debra S., Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn 2017 Employing Airborne Lidar and Archaeological Testing to Determine the Role of Small Depressions in Water Management at the Ancient Maya site of Yaxnohcah, Campeche, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:291–302.Google Scholar
Brewer, Jeffrey, Hyde, David M., and Stowe, Michael 2013 Mapping Medicinal Trail: A Summary From 2004 to 2012. In Research Report from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Vol. 7, edited by Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 91–111. Occasional Papers No. 14. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Bullard, William R. Jr. 1960 Maya Settlement Pattern in Northeastern Peten, Guatemala. American Antiquity 25:355–372.Google Scholar
Chase, Adrian S.Z. 2016 Beyond Elite Control: Residential Reservoirs at Caracol, Belize. WIREs Water 3:885–897.Google Scholar
Chase, Adrian S.Z., and Weishampel, John 2016 Using Lidar and GIS to Investigate Water and Soil Management in the Agricultural Terracing at Caracol, Belize. Advances in Archaeological Practice 4:357–370.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Weishampel, John F., Drake, Jason B., Shrestha, Ramesh L., Slatton, K. Clint, Awe, Jaime J., and Carter, William E. 2011 Airborne LiDAR, Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya Landscape at Caracol, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:387–398.Google Scholar
Chmilar, Jennifer A. 2005 Ancient Maya Water Management: Archaeological Investigations at Turtle Pond, Northwestern Belize. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, Levi, Laura J., and Cruz, Luis 1990 Lowland Maya Wetland Agriculture: The Rio Azul Agronom Program. In Vision and Revision in Maya Studies, edited by Clancy, Flora S. and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 115–124. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Darch, Janice P. 1983 Vegetation Associations at Pulltrouser Swamp. In Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement in Northern Belize, edited by Turner, B. L. II and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 21–29. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Davis-Salazar, Karla L. 2003 Late Classic Maya Water Management and Community Organization at Copan, Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 14:275–299.Google Scholar
Dedrick, Maia 2009 Medicinal Trail Archaeology: Investigations at Operation 13. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Volume 3, edited by Trachman, Rissa M. and Valdez, Fred, Jr., pp. 127–142. Occasional Papers, No. 10. Mesoamerica Archaeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario, and Folan, William J. 1996 Calakmul, México: Aguadas, bajos, precipitación y asentamiento en el Petén Campechano. In IX simposio de investigaciones arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro and Escobedo, Hector L., pp. 171–193. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Hernández, Armando Anaya, and Geovannini, Helga 2018 Operaciones 13 y 19: Investigaciones en los reservorios. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, informe de las 2014 y 2015 temporadas de investigaciones, edited by Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, pp. 110–121. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Wahl, David, Beach, Timothy P., Jones, John G., Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, and McCane, Carmen 2012 Environmental Instability and Human Response in the Late Preclassic East-Central Yucatan Peninsula. In The Great Maya Droughts in Cultural Context, edited by Iannone, Gyles, pp. 107–126. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Weaver, Eric, Smyth, Michael, and Zapata, David Ortegon 2014 Xcoch: Home of Maya Rain Gods and Water Managers. In The Archaeology of Yucatan: New Directions and Data, edited by Stanton, Travis W., pp. 65–78. Archaeopress Pre-Columbian Archaeology 1. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Akpinar, Ezgi, Carr, Chris, Griffin, Robert, Jones, John G., Lentz, David L., Miller, Andrew, and Prater, Jasmin 2007 Investigaciones geoarqueológicas y el medioambiente en los alrededores de San Bartolo, Peten. In Proyecto arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe preliminar no. 6, sexta temporada, edited by Urquizú, Mónica and Saturno, William, pp. 610–624. Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural y Natural de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Jones, John G., Beach, Timothy, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 2003 Physiography, Habitats, and Landscapes of the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatán Peninsula, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas, pp. 14–24. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Griffin, Robert E., Jones, John G., Terry, Richard E., Larsen, Zachary, and Carr, Christopher 2015 Life on the Edge: Tikal in a Bajo Landscape. In Tikal: Paleoecology of an Ancient Maya City, edited by Lentz, David L., Dunning, Nicholas P., and Scarborough, Vernon L., pp. 95–123. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Beach, Timothy, Jones, John, Scarborough, Vernon, and Culbert, Patrick 2002 Arising from the Bajos: The Evolution of a Neotropical Landscape and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92:267–283.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., and Beach, Timothy 1994 Soil Erosion, Slope Management, and Ancient Terracing in the Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 5:51–69.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., and Beach, Timothy 2003 Fruit of the Luum: Lowland Maya Soil Knowledge and Agricultural Practices. Mono y Conejo 2:1–25.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., and Beach, Timothy 2010 Farms and Forests: Spatial and Temporal Perspectives on Ancient Maya Landscapes. In Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases, edited by Martini, I. Peter and Chesworth, Ward, pp. 369–389. Springer, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Beach, Timothy, Sierra, Liwy Grazioso, Jones, John G., Lentz, David L., Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Scarborough, Vernon L., and Smyth, Michael P. 2013 Historia de dos colapsos: Variabilidad ambiental e interupción cultural en las Tierras Bajas mayas. Dialogo Andino 41:171–183.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Beach, Timothy P., Farrell, Patrice, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 1998 Prehispanic Agrosystems and Adaptive Regions in the Maya Lowlands. Culture and Agriculture 20:87–100.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Beach, Timothy, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 2006 Environmental Variability Among Bajos in the Southern Maya Lowlands and its Implications for Ancient Maya Civilization and Archaeology. In Precolumbian Water Management, edited by Lucero, Lisa J. and Fash, Barbara W., pp. 81–99. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Scarborough, Vernon, Valdez, Fred Jr., Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Beach, Timothy, and Jones, John G. 1999 Temple Mountains, Sacred Lakes, and Fertile Fields: Ancient Maya Landscapes in Northwestern Belize. Antiquity 73:650–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farnand, Danica M. 2002 Agricultural Formation Histories of Prehistoric Terraces of the Medicinal Trail Site, Northwestern Belize. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Ferries, Laura C. 2002 Site Formation and Occupation History of the Medicinal Trail House Mound Group at the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Belize. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Folan, William J. 1982 Mining and Quarrying Techniques of the Lowland Maya. Anthropology 6:149–174.Google Scholar
Folan, William J., Marcus, Joyce, Pincemin, Sophia, Carrasco, María del Rosario Domínguez, Fletcher, Laraine, and Lopez, Abel Morales 1995 Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya Capital in Campeche, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 6:310–334.Google Scholar
Ford, Anabel 1996 Critical Resource Control and the Rise of the Ancient Maya. In The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, edited by Fedick, Scott L., pp. 297–303. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G. 2010 Remote Sensing Ancient Maya Rural Populations Using QuickBird Satellite Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 31:213–231.Google Scholar
Geovannini Acuña, Helga 2008 Rain Harvesting in the Rainforest: The Ancient Maya Agricultural Landscape of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Geovannini Acuña, Helga 2013 El paisaje natural del sitio arqueológico de Yaxnohcah. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, 2013 informe de la segunda temporada de investigaciones, edited by Reese-Taylor, Kathryn and Hernández, Armando Anaya, pp. 9–11. Electronic document, http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/informes/Yaxnohcah2013.pdf.Google Scholar
Gill, Erin E. 2009 Operation 15: Berm Structures and Water Management at Medicinal Trail (RB 62), Belize. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Vol. 3, edited by Trachman, Rissa M. and Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 121–126. Occasional Papers, No. 10. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Gill, Richardson Benedict 2000 The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life and Death. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Goldstein, David, and Brandt, Gardner 2007 Report on Flotation Sample #367 from 2006 PFB Fieldwork. Manuscript on file, Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Goldstein, David J., and Hageman, Jon B. 2010 Power Plants: Paleobotanical Evidence of Rural Feasting in Late Classic Belize. In Food and Feasting in Mesoamerican Civilization: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John E. and Carrasco, Michael, pp. 421–452. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 2007 The Nature of an Ancient Maya City: Resources, Interaction, and Power at Blue Creek, Belize. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Gunn, Joel D., Folan, William J., Domínguez-Carrazco, Maria del Rosario, and Faust, Betty J. 2002 Bajo Sediments and the Hydraulic Landscape of Calakmul, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:297–315.Google Scholar
Hageman, Jon B., and Goldstein, David J. 2009 An Integrated Assessment of Archaeobotanical Recovery Methods in the Neotropical Rainforest of Northern Belize: Flotation and Dry Screening. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2841–2852.Google Scholar
Hageman, Jon B., and Lohse, Jon C. 2003 Heterarchy, Corporate Groups, and Late Classic Resource Management in Northwestern Belize. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas, pp. 109–121. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, and Ashmore, Wendy 1981 Lowland Maya Settlement: Geographical and Chronological Frameworks. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 19–36. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Tourtellot, Gair, Donaghey, Sara, and Clarke, Amanda 1998 No Slow Dusk: Maya Urban Development and Decline at La Milpa, Belize. Antiquity 72:831–837.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 1998 Continuity and Disjunction: The Pre-Classic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 49–122. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D., Bozarth, Steven, Jacob, John, Wahl, David, and Schreiner, Thomas 2002 Climatic and Environmental Variability in the Rise of Maya Civilization: A Preliminary Perspective from Northern Peten. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:273–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 1993 Aspects of Water Management in the Southern Maya Lowlands. In Economic Aspects of Water Management in the Prehispanic New World, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 71–119. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement No. 7. JAI Press, Greenwich.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. and Shafer, Harry J. 1984 Exploitation of Chert Resources by the Ancient Maya of Northern Belize. World Archaeology 16:157–173.Google Scholar
Houk, Brett A. (editor) 2000 The 1998 and 1999 Seasons of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project. Papers of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project, No. 4. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hughbanks, Paul J. 1995 Research at Guijarral (RB-18), 1994. In The Programme for Belize Archaeological Project 1994 Interim Report, edited by Adams, Richard E. W. and Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 73–77. The Center for Archaeology and Tropical Studies, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M. 2007 Report of the Stone Tool Assemblage at the Medicinal Trail Site, Operation 10. Manuscript on file, Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M. 2009 The 2008 Field Season at Group A of the Medicinal Trail Site, Northwestern Belize. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Vol. 3, edited by Trachman, Rissa M. and Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 85–96. Occasional Papers No. 10. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M. 2011 Power Dynamics at a Commoner Hinterland Community in the Maya Lowlands: The Medicinal Trail Site, Northwestern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M. and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2007 Overview of Activities at the Medicinal Trail Site for the 2006 Season. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, edited by Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 15–22. Occasional Papers No. 8. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M., and Atwood, Kirsten 2008 Excavations at Group A of the Medicinal Trail: Results from the 2007 Investigations. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Vol. 2, edited by Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 111–135. Occasional Papers No. 9. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Isendahl, Christian 2011 The Weight of Water: A New Look at Pre-Hispanic Puuc Maya Water Reservoirs. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:185–197.Google Scholar
Johnston, Kevin J. 2004 Lowland Maya Water Management Practices: The Household Exploitation of Rural Wells. Geoarchaeology 19:265–292.Google Scholar
Johnston, Kevin J., Breckenridge, Andrew J., and Hansen, Barbara C. 2001 Paleoecological Evidence of an Early Postclassic Occupation in the Southwestern Maya Lowlands: Laguna Las Pozas, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 12:149–166.Google Scholar
Kunen, Julie L. 2004 Ancient Maya Life in the Far West Bajo: Social and Environmental Change in the Wetlands of Belize. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2004 Intra-Site Settlement Signatures and Implications for Late Classic Maya Commoner Organization at Dos Hombres, Belize. In Ancient Maya Commoners, edited by Lohse, Jon C. and Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 117–145. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., and Findlay, Patrick N. 2000 A Classic Maya House-Lot Drainage System in Northwestern Belize. Latin American Antiquity 11:175–185.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., Barrera, Jimmy, and Padilla, Antonio 2005 2004 Season Excavations in the Gran Cacao Ballcourt, Northwestern Belize. In 2004 Season Summaries of the Blue Creek Political Ecology Project, edited by Lohse, Jon C. and Sagebiel, Kerry L., pp. 54–107. Maya Research Program and University of Texas, Fort Worth and Austin.Google Scholar
Lowe, John D. 2008 Excavations of Two Small Depressions at Group A, The Medicinal Trail Site RB62, Belize. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 1999 Water Control and Maya Politics in the Southern Maya Lowlands. In Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World, edited by Bacus, Elisabeth A. and Lucero, Lisa J., pp. 35–49. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 9. American Anthropological Association, Arlington.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2002 The Collapse of the Classic Maya: A Case for the Role of Water Control. American Anthropologist 104:814–826.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2006 Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J., Gunn, Joel D., and Scarborough, Vernon L. 2011 Climate Change and Classic Maya Water Management. Water 3:479–494.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia C. 1990 Water Storage in the Puuc Region of the Northern Maya: A Key to Population Estimates and Architectural Variability. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, Patrick T. and Rice, Donald, pp. 263–284. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Matheny, Ray T. 1976 Maya Lowland Hydraulic Systems. Science 193:639–646.Google Scholar
Matheny, Ray T. 1978 Northern Maya Lowland Water-Control Systems. In Pre-Hispanic Maya Agriculture, edited by Harrison, Peter D. and Turner, Billie L. II, pp. 185–210. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Matheny, Ray T. 1982 Ancient Lowland and Highland Maya Water and Soil Conservation Strategies. In Maya Subsistence: Studies in Honor of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 157–178. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus 1937 Inscriptions of the Peten. Vol. 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 437. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Percy, Madelyn 2009 Excavation at the Medicinal Trail Site (2008): Operation 14. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Vol. 3, edited by Trachman, Rissa M. and Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 143–144. Occasional Papers No. 10. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, Morton, Shawn G., and Castro, Ana 2018 Operacíon 17 en el Grupo Wo’, excavaciones de prueba en un lote doméstico peri-urbano. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, informe de las 2014 y 2015 temporadas de investigaciones, edited by Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, pp. 95–109. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Pohl, Mary D., Pope, Kevin O., Jones, John G., Jacob, John S., Piperno, Dolores R., deFrance, Susan D., Lentz, David L., Gifford, John A., Danforth, Marie E., and Josserand, J. Kathryn 1996 Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 7:355–372.Google Scholar
Pope, Kevin O., and Dahlin, Bruce H. 1989 Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: New Insights from Ecological and Remote Sensing Research. Journal of Field Archaeology 16:87–106.Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1971 An Experimental Approach to the Function of Classic Maya Chultuns. American Antiquity 36:322–335.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, Armando, Anaya Hernández, F. C., Atasta Flores Esquivel, Kelly, Monteleone, Juan, Carlos Fernández-Diaz, Alejandro, Uriarte, Christopher, Carr, Helga, Geovannini Acuña, Meaghan, Peuramaki-Brown, and Nicholas, Dunning 2016 Boots on the Ground at Yaxnohcah: Ground Truthing Lidar in a Complex Tropical Landscape. Advances in Archaeological Practice 4:314–338.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, Armando, Anaya Hernández, F. C., Atasta Flores Esquivel, Kelly, Monteleone, Alejandro J., Uriarte Torres, Helga, Geovannini Acuña, and Chris, Carr 2018 Verificacion en Campo del Reconocimiento de Lidar. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah , informe de las 2014 y 2015 temporadas de investigaciones edited by Armando Anaya Hernández, Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown, and Kathryn Reese-Taylor, pp. 122–143. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Bard, Edouard, Bayliss, Alex, Beck, J. Warren, Blackwell, Paul G., Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Buck, Caitlin E., Cheng, Hai, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Friedrich, Michael, Grootes, Pieter M., Guilderson, Thomas P., Haflidason, Haflidi, Hajdas, Irka, Hatté, Christine, Heaton, Timothy J., Hoffmann, Dirk L., Hogg, Alan G., Hughen, Konrad A., Kaiser, K. Felix, Kromer, Bernd, Manning, Sturt W., Niu, Mu, Reimer, Ron W., Richards, David A., Scott, E. Marian, Southon, John R., Staff, Richard A., Turney, Christian S. M., and van der Plicht, Johannes 2013 IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55:1869–1887.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl, and Dennison, John H. 1943 Archaeological Reconnaissance in Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Petén. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 543. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Saturno, William, Sever, Thomas L., Irwin, Daniel E., Howell, Burgess F., and Garrison, Thomas G. 2007 Putting Us on the Map: Remote Sensing Investigation of the Ancient Maya Landscape. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, edited by Wiseman, James R. and El-Baz, Farouk, pp. 137–160. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1991 Water Management Adaptations in Nonindustrial Complex Societies: An Archaeological Perspective. In Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3, edited by Schiffer, Michael B., pp. 101–154. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1993 Water Management in the Southern Maya Lowlands: An Accretive Model for the Engineered Landscape. In Economic Aspects of Water Management in the Prehispanic New World, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 17–69. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement No. 7. JAI Press, Greenwich.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1994 Maya Water Management. National Geographic Research and Exploration 10:184–199.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1996 Reservoirs and Watersheds in the Central Maya Lowlands. In The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, edited by Fedick, Scott L., pp. 304–314. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1998 Ecology and Ritual: Water Management and the Maya. Latin American Antiquity 9:135–159.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2003 The Flow of Power: Ancient Water Systems and Landscapes. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2003 The Engineered Environment and Political Economy of the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatán Peninsula, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas, pp. 3–13. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2009 An Alternative Order: The Dualistic Economies of the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 20:207–227.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Gallopin, Gary G. 1991 A Water Storage Adaptation in the Maya Lowlands. Science 251:658–662.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., Becher, Matthew E., Baker, Jeffrey L., Harris, Garry, and Valdez, Fred Jr. 1995 Water and Land at the Ancient Maya Community of La Milpa. Latin American Antiquity 6:98–119.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., Dunning, Nicholas P., Tankersley, Kenneth B., Carr, Christopher, Weaver, Eric, Grazioso, Liwy, Lane, Brian, Jones, John G., Buttles, Palma, Valdez, Fred, and Lentz, David L. 2012 Water and Sustainable Land Use at the Ancient Tropical City of Tikal, Guatemala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:12408–12413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siemens, Alfred H. 1978 Karst and the Pre–Hispanic Maya in the Southern Lowlands. In Pre-Hispanic Maya Agriculture, edited by Harrison, Peter D. and Turner, Billie L. II, pp. 117–143. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Smith, A. L. 1950 Uaxactun, Guatemala: Excavations of 1931–1937. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 588. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2008 Reconocimiento arqueológico en el sureste del Estado de Campeche, Mexico: 1996–2005. Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 19. BAR International Series 1742. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Stowe, Michael, and Hyde, David M. 2014 Report of the 2013 Mapping Season Within the Medicinal Trail Locality. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Vol. 8, edited by Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 43–54. Occasional Papers No. 15. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair IIIand Rose, John 1993 More Light on La Milpa Mapping: Interim Report on the 1993 Season. Manuscript on file, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, Boston.Google Scholar
Trachman, Clarissa M. 2007 Excavated Households, Excavated Lives: Social Reproduction, Identity, and Everyday Life for the Ancient Maya in Northwestern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Wahl, David, Byrne, Roger, Schreiner, Thomas, and Hansen, Richard 2006 Holocene Vegetation Change in the Northern Peten and its Implications for Maya Prehistory. Quaternary Research 65: 380–389.Google Scholar
Wahl, David, Schreiner, Thomas, Byrne, Roger, and Hansen, Richard 2007 A Paleoecological Record from a Late Classic Maya Reservoir in the North Petén. Latin American Antiquity 18:212–222.Google Scholar
Walker, Debra S. 2018 Apuntes sobre la secuencia cerámica de Yaxnohcah. In Proyecto arqueológico Yaxnohcah, informe de las 2014 y 2015 temporadas de investigaciones, edited by Hernández, Armando Anaya, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, and Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, pp. 144–171. Electronic document. In press.Google Scholar
Walling, Stanley L., Davis, Peter, Dias, Sandra, and DeVito, Melissa 2005 Report of the 2004 Rio Bravo Archaeology Project: Site R.B. 47, Chawak But'o'ob. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project: Report of the Activities of the 2004 Field Season, edited by Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 15–143. Occasional Papers No. 4. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Walling, Stanley L., Davis, Peter F., Hanna, Jonathan, Matthews, Leah, Prasarn, Nahum, and Taylor, Christine 2006 Residential Terracing, Water Management, Matrix Analysis, and Suburban Ceremonialism at Chawak But'o'ob, Belize. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project Report of Activities for the 2005 Field Season, edited by Fred Valdez, Jr., pp. 83–92. Occasional Papers No. 6. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella 2013 Ancient Maya Rain Water Reservoirs in Northwestern Belize. Contributions in New World Archaeology 5:85–99.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella, and Sabbas, Thomas 2002 The Potential Role of Small Depressions as Water Storage Features in the Central Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 13:343–357.Google Scholar
Weller, Erin T. 2006 Satellites, Survey, and Settlement: The Late Classic Maya Utilization of Bajos (Seasonal Swamps) at Tikal and Yaxha, Guatemala. In From Space to Place: 2nd Annual Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology, edited by Campana, Stefano and Forte, Maurizio, pp. 31–36. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Andrew R. 2014 The Scale and Organization of Ancient Maya Water Management. WIREs Water 1:449–467.Google Scholar