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The Development and Diffusion of Metal Types in Early Bronze Age Anatolia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2015

D. B. Stronach
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Extract

The following account of the origin, development and diffusion of certain metal types, which appear in Anatolia mainly before 2000 B.C., represents the first part of a larger study of Anatolian metalwork in the Bronze Age. The objects of this study are to bring the corpus of published material more up-to-date; to examine the typological development of the main types; to relate these types to local chronological and cultural divisions; and to indicate the wider relations of the Anatolian metal industry with other centres of production.

The need for such a study is illustrated by the fact that S. Przeworski's standard work on this subject, Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500–700 vor Chr., was published almost twenty years ago, at a time when modern excavation had only begun to lay the foundations of Anatolian archaeology.

More recently, Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop has included some of the Bronze Age metalwork from Anatolia in wider schemes of typological development. But as this treatment tends to compress certain details of local evolution, which are important in a study such as this, I have often had to introduce a fresh classification in order to clarify the development of the Anatolian material. To avoid confusion I have used the prefix “Western Asiatic” to distinguish Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop's types from my own.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 7 , December 1957 , pp. 89 - 125
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1957

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References

1 I wish to thank Mr. Seton Lloyd, Director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, for suggesting this study to me, and Mr. James Meliaart, Annual Fellow of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara for 1955–56, for invaluable help in discussion of the material and for reading parts of the manuscript. My thanks are also due to all those who have allowed me to refer to new material, especially Professor Tahsin Özgüç, Dr. Halet Çambel and Bay Ahmet Dönmez, Assistant Director of the Turkish Department of Antiquities. Finally, I am much indebted to Dr. E. T. Hall for carrying out an analysis on my behalf; to my friend Mr. Henrik Thrane for assisting me in the preparation of the drawings; and to the Turkish Department of Antiquities and museum officials who did so much to facilitate my work in Turkey.

2 See Mellaart, J., AS. VIIGoogle Scholar.

3 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., “Daggers and Swords in Western Asia,” Iraq VIII, 1946, pp. 1–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Western Asiatic Shaft-Hole Axes,” Iraq XI, 1949, pp. 90–129Google Scholar.

4 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq VIII, 1946, p. 3Google Scholar.

5 PZ. VI, 1914, fig.24 dGoogle Scholar.

6 Childe, V. G., AS. VI, 1956, p. 45 fGoogle Scholar.

7 OIP. XXVIII, fig. 96, c 419Google Scholar.

8 cf. a dagger from Anau: Petrie, , Tools and Weapons, 1917, p1. XXXVI, 130Google Scholar.

9 Özgüç, T., Belleten IX, 1945, pl. LXVI, 8Google Scholar.

10 Kastamonu Museum, no. OT/b 420.

11 I am much indebted to Dr. Halet Çambel for permission to illustrate this dagger, as well as sketches of others from the site in fig. 1.21 and fig. 2.9. The date rests on the pottery evidence.

12 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq VIII, p. 5–7Google Scholar. (Western Asiatic Type 2.)

13 In order to preserve the Troy II megara. Blegen, , Troy, I, p. 35Google Scholar.

14 Lamb, W., Thermi, 1938, pl. XLVII, 31.30Google Scholar.

15 Cf. the similar knife from Kumtepe Ic. Koşay, H. and Sperling, , Troad' da dört yerleşme yeri, 1936, fig. 22, K 37Google Scholar.

16 W. Lamb, op. cit., pl. XLVII, 29.11.

17 Schmidt, H., Heinrich Schliemann's Sammlung Trojanischer Altertümer, 1902Google Scholar. Nos. 5853, 5858 and 6156.

18 Archäologischer Anzeiger LII, 1937, p. 167, fig. 23Google Scholar, lower example, and fig. 24, 2 and 3.

19 Bittel, K., Istanbul Mitteilungen 6, 1955, p. 114 f.Google Scholar, figs. 1–7. Prof. Bittel has published five of the daggers from this site. To provide a complete record here these daggers are illustrated again in Fig. 1, 1, 4, 10, 14 and 15.

20 A crescentic axe from Bayındırköy (Fig. 14, 2) supports the lower date.

21 OIP. XXVIII, fig. 96, c 289 (Chalcolithic Period), and OIP. XIX, fig. 65, b 921 (Alishar I).

22 Przeworski, , Die Metallindustrie, p. 50Google Scholar.

23 Temizer, R., Belleten XVIII, 1954, fig. 17Google Scholar.

24 Ankara Museum No. 10205.

25 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq VIII, p. 4Google Scholar. (Western Asiatic Type 1.)

26 See under Type 2c as well.

27 AB 579. Koşay, H., TT. II, 1934, p. 95Google Scholar, and eighth coloured plate.

28 Koşay, H., Les Fouilles d'Alaca Hüyük (1937–1939), pl. CXLIXGoogle Scholar.

29 Goldman, H., Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus II, 1956, p. 291, no. 38. 1595, fig. 427.77Google Scholar

30 The subsequent diffusion of this feature is discussed by Maxwell-Hyslop, R. in Iraq, VIII, p. 14.Google Scholar

31 S 3413. See Bittel, K., “Der Depot von Soli-Pompeiopolis” in ZA. NF. 12 (1940), p. 189 fGoogle Scholar.

32 See under Type 7.

33 A′ 26, length 82.4 cm. Koşay, H., Ausgrabungen von Alaca Hüyük (1936), p. 84 and pl. LXXXIGoogle Scholar.

34 K 32, length 61.6 cm. Fouilles (1937–1939), P. 165 ffGoogle Scholar. and pl. CLXXXIII, fig. 1.

35 S 2, length 53.5 cm. Fouilles (1937–1939), p. 170–1Google Scholar and pl. CCIII.

36 AB 363 and AB 545. Koşay, H., TT II, 1934, p. 92 and sixth coloured plateGoogle Scholar.

37 In his dissertation on the burial customs of early Anatolia, Prof. Özgüç distinguishes an earlier occupation when jar burials were the rule.

38 AB 585. TT II, p. 93Google Scholar.

39 Both parts of the dagger are in Ankara Museum.

40 Özgüç, T., Türk Tarih Kongresi (1934), pl. IV, 8Google Scholar.

41 Özgüç, T., Belleten IX, 1945, pl. LXVI, 7Google Scholar.

42 Koşay, H., Belleten XIV, 1950, pp. 481–5Google Scholar.

43 Temizer, R., Belleten XVIII, 1954, pp. 317–330Google Scholar.

44 I am indebted to the Turkish Department of Antiquities for permission to refer to this hoard, which is to be published soon by the Assistant Director, Bay Ahmet Dönmez.

45 Lloyd, S., AS I, p. 60 and fig. 14, 12Google Scholar.

46 S 3420, 3424 and 3426.

47 See under Types 5, 6 and 7.

48 Possibly even earlier, but evidence is lacking.

49 SS 5857 and 5850.

50 SS 5858.

51 Sketch only; length c. 7.5 cm.

52 Sketch only; length c. 16 cm. In Afyon Museum.

53 In Ankara Museum; not numbered.

54 Ashmolean Museum no. 1911.304. Przeworski, Die Metallindustrie pl. IX, 7.

55 SS. 5851.

56 Montelius, , La Grèce Préclassique, 1924, p. 124, no. 399Google Scholar.

57 Bittel, K., Prähistorische Forschung in Kleinasien, 1934, pl. XXI, 4Google Scholar. The provenance is sometimes given as Elmali.

58 Bossert, H., Altanatolien, 1942, no. 266Google Scholar.

59 Previously dated by Przeworski, , Die Metallindustrie p. 50Google Scholar, and Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 16Google Scholar, as 13th century B.C.

60 Mellaart, J., AS. IV, 1954Google Scholar; for shapes see pp. 211–12 and for incised grey wares see pp. 213–14.

61 S 3415–3418.

62 Troy IV period. Information kindly supplied by Prof. Milojčić.

63 S. 3417.

64 SS. 5855. Also cf. Schliemann, Atlas pl. 133, 2660.

65 SS. 5858 and SS. 6146 (Schliemann, Ilios no. 804).

66 SS. 6154 (Ilios no. 968).

67 SS. 6153.

68 SS. 6152.

69 Information kindly supplied by Dr. E. T. Hall.

70 Childe, V. G., New Light on the Most Ancient East, 1952, p. 177Google Scholar.

71 Koşay, H., Fouilles (1937–1939)Google Scholar, pl. CLXXXIII.

72 cf. S 3433 from Soli.

73 Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 8Google Scholar.

74 S 3429 and S 3436.

75 S 3431 and S 3434.

76 S 3430, S 3432 and S 3435. (These daggers are grouped under Type 5 in Mrs. Maxwell Hyslop's scheme also.)

77 Gjerstad, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition pl. XXIV, 313A, 67.

78 Goldman, op. cit p. 292, fig. 428, (no.) 103, no. 36.756.

79 Aleppo Museum RS 4441.

80 Information kindly supplied by Prof. Milojčić.

81 Przeworski, op. cit. p. 49 and pl. IX, 8; Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 9Google Scholar. Ascribed to the L.B.A.

82 Gjerstad, op. cit. pl. CXLIII, L. 313A, 7, E.C. III.

83 Przeworski, op. cit. p. 49 and pl. IX, 6; Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 9Google Scholar.

84 S 3441.

85 S 3428, S 3438, S 3439 and S 3442.

86 Similar examples occur at Vounos in E.C. II–III. Dikaios, P., Archaeologia Vol. 88, pl. LX, 7.Google Scholar

87 This type equates with Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop's Type 20.

88 Both occur at Tarsus in the latest E.B. III period; see Goldman, Tarsus II, fig. 268, nos. 614–17, and 514, 523, 524.

89 See under Spearheads and Crescentic Axes.

90 Similar daggers occur at Amarna and Serrin; see Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 23Google Scholar.

91 Goldman, , Tarsus II, p. 292, no. 38.499Google Scholar.

92 S 3437.

93 Examples occur at Karahüyük Konya in level I (information kindly supplied by Prof. Sedat Alp).

94 Goldman, , AJA. XLI, fig. 21Google Scholar.

95 R. Maxwell-Hyslop, op. cit. p. 19.

96 Pendlebury, , The Archaeology of Crete, 1939, pl. XI, 3 (E.M. II)Google Scholar.

97 Goldman, , AJA. XLI (2), fig. 21Google Scholar. Redated in Tarsus II, p. 281Google Scholar.

98 Schaeffer, C., Stratigraphie Comparée, 1948, fig. 45 EGoogle Scholar, and Schaeffer, , Ugaritica II, 1949, fig. 18, 30Google Scholar.

99 OIP. XIX, fig. 270, b3.

100 For a discussion of the Kültepe chronology see J. Mellaart, above, p. 55.

101 Found in the 1956 excavations. I am much indebted to Prof. Özgüç for information about the latest metal finds from Kültepe.

102 Found in the 1956 excavations; cf. a grooved dagger from Byblos, Schaeffer, Stratigraphie fig. 61.

103 Found in the 1955 excavations.

104 See the Amarna daggers in AAA. VI, 3, pl. XXIVGoogle Scholar, left and middle examples.

105 Goldman, , Tarsus II, p. 292, fig. 428, no. 38.500Google Scholar.

106 S 3413.

107 Schaeffer, Stratigraphie fig. 121, tomb 294, 2. (See Petrie, , Ancient Gaza I, II.Google Scholar).

108 Xanthoudides, , The Vaulted Tombs of the Mesara, 1924, p. 92Google Scholar, and pl. LV, 1902 and 1930.

109 Garstang, J., Prehistoric Mersin, 1952, pl. XXIXGoogle Scholar.

110 cf. M.B. II daggers from Ras Shamra (1900–1750 B.C.), Schaeffer, Stratigraphie fig. 45, E and G.

111 H. Koşay, Ausgrabungen (1936) pl. CII. (Fig. 3, 5, is a sketch only.)

112 Woolley, C. L., Ur Excavations, II: The Royal Cemetery, 1934, pl. 152, U.10020Google Scholar.

113 Schaeffer, C., Ugaritica II, 1949Google Scholar, fig. 27, B.

114 See Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq VIII, p. 12Google Scholar.

115 Koşay, H., Fouilles (1937–1939), pl. 182, p. 167, K. 14Google Scholar.

116 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq VIII, p. 65Google Scholar.

117 These are omitted in the restorations appearing in La Turquie Kemaliste, 32–40, p. 25, and Ugaritica II, fig. 27, C.; it is possible that they formed part of a sheath instead.

118 Gjerstad, , Swedish Cyprus Expedition I, pl. CXLIII, A.J. 88.9Google Scholar.

119 Stewart, Vounos 1950, see Tomb 105.

120 For another overseas form found at Bayındırköy see under Crescentic Axes, p. 124.

121 SS. 5843–44 and SS. 5846–47.

122 Stewart, J. R., Excavations at Vounos, 1950Google Scholar, Tomb 105, No. 24, and Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 30Google Scholar.

123 Goldman, H. in Relative Chronologies in old World Archaeology, 1954, p. 72Google Scholar.

124 Dikaios, , Khirokitia p. 329Google Scholar.

125 Dated 2400–2300 B.C. by Dikaios.

126 Ashmolean Museum Nos. 1911.114 and 1911.115 (No. 1911.116 is unfinished). BSA. 18, p. 93, fig. 9Google Scholar.

127 Körte, , Ath. Mit. 24, p. 17 f., pl. 4, 1Google Scholar.

128 Przeworski, , Die Metallindustrie p 49Google Scholar.

129 Especially a knife which Körte compares to the example of Troy I–II date from Karaaǧaçtepe.

130 Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 30Google Scholar.

131 Montelius, , Die Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit (1900), p. 158, fig. 383Google Scholar.

132 Adana Museum No. 3628, acquired in 1952. Total length, 66 cm.; tang, 20 cm.

133 SS. 5854.

134 Thureau-Dangin and Dunand, Til Barsib pl. XXXI, 4.

135 Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq VIII, p. 30Google Scholar. But see under Type 2c for an advanced Anatolian form with a button tang.

136 Childe, V. G., Dawn of European Civilization, 1950, fig. 26, 1Google Scholar.

137 SS. 5843–44 and SS. 5846–47.

138 SS. 5845 and 5842.

139 SS. 5842.

140 Schliemann, Atlas pl. 201, 3600a. Length 25·5 cm.

141 I am much indebted to Professor Braidwood for permission to illustrate this weapon, no. X 42, which represents an unstratified find.

142 Schuchardt, , Schliemann's Excavations, 1891Google Scholar, fig. 63.

143 Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1891, pl. 12, 2.

144 Length 23·3 cm., width 5·0. From a private collection.

145 Koşay, Les Fouilles d'Alaca Hüyük (1935), pl. CCLXXV.

146 Its metalwork suggests a date in the middle of the sequence of tombs.

147 Fouilles (1937–39) pl. CLXVII, fig. 4.

148 See footnote 44.

149 Length 25 cm., width 4·45. From a private collection.

150 Özgüç, , Belleten XX, 1956, p. 36Google Scholar.

151 Thureau-Dangin, op. cit. pl. XXX, 2.

152 Goldman, , AJA. XLIV, 1940, fig. 19Google Scholar.

153 Bittel, , Archäologischer Anzeiger 1944–1945, P. 15Google Scholar, fig.4.

154 Thureau-Dangin, op. cit. pl. XXXI, 4.

155 Fig. 6, 3; length 20 cm. From a collection. Fig. 6, 4; length 25·7 cm. From a collection. Fig. 6, 5; length 29·1 cm. It is fully discussed by ProfessorÖzgüç, , in Belleten XX, pp. 30–6Google Scholar.

156 Przeworski, . Die Metallindustrie p. 33Google Scholar, and pl. XXI, 4. It is described here as a shaft-hole axe of L.B.A. date.

157 From the 1956 excavations.

158 W. Lamb, Thermi pl. XXV, 32.2.

159 SS. 5848.

160 R. Graves, 9 and 24. Goessler, P., Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf Levkas, 1927, pl. 63, a1 and a2Google Scholar.

161 Tsountas, Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1898, pl. 12, 5; Ashmolean Museum No. 237; Dechelette, , Manuel d'Archéologie II, i, p. 218Google Scholar, fig. 69, 1.

162 Montelius, La Grèce Préclassique pl. XV, 11.

163 Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1898. pl. 12, 1.

164 Boehlau, and Schefold, , Larisa am Hermos III, 1942, pl. 1, 12Google Scholar.

165 Length 20–3 cm. Illustrated by kind permission of the excavator, Dr. Halet Çambel. It was associated with a flat axe and a “flaying knife” from the same site.

166 Bossert, Eva-Maria, “Zur Datierung der Gräber von Arkesine auf Amorgos,” in Festschrift für Peter Goessler pl. 15, 4Google Scholar.

167 Bossert, op. cit. p. 28 f.

168 Bossert, op. cit. pl. 14, 3, and pp. 28–31.

169 The best illustrations of the spearheads from Chrysolakkos and Khamaizi are provided by Miss Bossert, op. cit. pl. 15, 1 and 2.

170 Seager, R., Explorations in the Island of Mochlos, 1912Google Scholar, fig. 45, XX10–XX12.

171 Gordon, Colonel, in Iraq XIII, p. 48 f.Google Scholar, has shown that related forms from further east are likely to be later, rather than earlier in date.

172 AAA. VI, No. 3, pl. XIX, 8 and 9.

173 Til Barsib pl. XXXI, 1–3.

174 From the 1956 excavations. Mentioned by kind permission of Mr. Seton Lloyd.

175 OIP XXIX, fig. 291, d2946.

176 Lamb, W., Archaeologica 87Google Scholar, fig. 21, No. 1. An unpublished example from Alaça Hŭyŭk belongs to the same type.

177 Til Barsib pl. XXXI, 5.

178 AAA. VI, No. 3, pl. XIX, 2 and 5.

179 ibid. pl. XIX, 4, and Til Barsib pl. XXXI, 6.

180 Length 26·8 cm., width 3·2 cm. Published by kind permission of Professor Özgüç.

181 Possibly an arrowhead. Schaeffer, Stratigraphie fig. 184, 3, after K. Bittel.

182 Til Barsib pl. XXXI, 6, and S.3412.

183 S.3418.

184 Length 36·5 cm., width 4·8 cm.

185 Goldman, H., AJA. XLII, Fig. 14. Type 5bGoogle Scholar.

186 Length 26·5 cm. Bittel, K., Istanbuler Mitteilungen Vol. 6 (1955), p. 118Google Scholar, fig. 10.

187 AAA. XIX, No. 3, pl. XIX, 4.

188 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq XV (1953), p. 73 f.Google Scholar, and figs. 7, 2.

189 It occurs in a level dated from Early Dynastic II to the middle of the Akkadian period.

190 Kenyon, K., Institute of Archaeology, Eleventh Annual Report (1955), p. 18Google Scholar.

191 From a collection.

192 K. Kenyon, op. cit. p. 15 f.

193 Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie p. 38Google Scholar, and fig. 55.

194 S.3405.

195 For a recent table showing the provenance of Anatolian hammer-axes see Prausnitz, M. W., “Ay and the Chronology of Troy,” Institute of Archaeology, Eleventh Annual Report, 1955, p. 18Google Scholar.

196 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., “Western Asiatic Shaft-Hole Axes,” Iraq XI, 1949, pp. 90–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Western Asiatic Types mentioned below are catalogued in this article.

197 Ebert, , Reallexikon IIGoogle Scholar, pl. 62, a and b.

198 Coghlan, H. H., “Evolution of the Axe,” in JRAI. LXXIII (I and II)Google Scholar.

199 Koşay, , Fouilles (1937–1939) pl. CLXVI, fig. 1Google Scholar.

200 Lloyd, Seton, AS. I, pp. 60–1, fig. 14, 13Google Scholar.

201 Przeworski, , Die Metallindustrie p. 34, and pl. IV, 1Google Scholar.

202 cf. an example from Naxos. Montelius, La Grèce Préclassique, pl. IV, 8.

203 cf. examples from Borodino. Ebert, op. cit. pl. 61.

204 Koşay, , Belleten XIV (1950), pl. XLGoogle Scholar.

205 TT. II, fig. 354 and fig. 283. These two axes are also catalogued under Western Asiatic Type 2.

206 Western Asiatic Type 22. Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop relates the crest to Babylonian prototypes.

207 Przeworski, , Die Metallindustrie p. 34Google Scholar; Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq XI, p. 91Google Scholar.

208 Temizer, R., Belleten XVIII (1954)Google Scholar, fig. 18.

209 Maxwell-Hyslop, R., Iraq XI, p. 102Google Scholar.

210 Schaeffer, Stratigraphie, fig. 16, 3 and 4.

211 Przeworski, Die Metallindustrie pl. XXI, 4.

212 Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq XI, p. 112Google Scholar.

213 K. Bittel first noted that the Poliochni metalwork was earlier than Troy VI. Kleinasiatische Studien, 1942, p. 193, footnote 239Google Scholar.

214 Maxwell-Hyslop, , Iraq XI, p. 121 and pl. XXXIX, 8Google Scholar.

215 Length of blade 9·3 cm. From a collection.

216 Length of blade 11·5 cm. From a collection.

217 Przeworski, Die Metallindustrie pl. XXI, 3.

218 Koşay, H., Belleten XIV (1950), pl. XL and pl. XLIGoogle Scholar.

219 H. Koşay, ibid. pl. XXXVIII, fig. 8, 9. cf. metal vessels from the H and L tombs at Alaca Hüyük.

220 The subsequent history of this form will be discussed elsewhere.

221 Woolley, , Ur Excavations II, pl. 224. U. 10435Google Scholar.

222 Mackay, The “A” Cemetery at Kish Part I, pl. XVII, 8.

223 Hillen, , Bibliotheca Orientalis X, 1953, p. 211Google Scholar and fig. 1.

224 Woolley, op. cit. pl. 224, U. 11754.

225 Bliss, , Mound of Many Cities p. 39Google Scholar, fig. 69.

226 Kenyon, K., Institute of Archaeology, Eleventh Annual Report, 1955Google Scholar, fig. 1.

227 Dunand, , Byblos p. 338Google Scholar, pl. CVIII, 5034.

228 Thureau-Dangin et Dunand, Til Barsib pl. XXVIII, 6.

229 Metropolitan Museum nos. 55. 137. 7, 8.

230 Hançar, F. in Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua IXGoogle Scholar, fig. 16d.

231 AAA. VI, 4, 1914Google Scholar, pl. XXIII, 12–14.

232 Mellaart, J., AS. VII, 1957Google Scholar.

233 Length 23·7 cm. Now in Adana Museum. It is mentioned by Bittel, K. in ZA. NF. XII, 1946. p. 193Google Scholar, footnote 6.

234 S 3397.

235 Length 27·9 cm. From a collection.

236 See Map 2.

237 S 3398.

238 Woolley, op. cit. pl. 224, U. 9687.