1 Integration of the exchanges into Soviet foreign policy has transient aspects, as during the accusations of spying hurled at foreign participants during the spy scare which preceded the trial of Powers, the U-2 pilot, in August, 1960. Their more permanent significance is discussed, for example, in “Cultural Exchanges; Their Prospects and Limitations,” Soviet Survey, No. 31 (January-March, 1960), pp. 2-31.

2 Resolution of February 9, 1955. Zasedanija Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR (Chetvertogo Sozyva, Vtoraja Sessija) (Moscow, 1955), pp. 505-6.

3 Lobanov, P. P., “Socialisticheskij demokratism v dejatel'nosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR,” Sovetskoe Gosudarstvo i Pravo (SGP), No. 3 (1958), pp. 28–29.Google Scholar “15 Members of the Supreme Soviet Arrive in London,” The New York Times, July 13, 1956; “Mme Furtseva Visits Commons,” ibid., July 17, 1956.

4 Marcy, Carl and Hansen, Marcella, “A Note on American Participation in Interparliamentary Meetings,” International Organization, XIII, No. 3 (1959), 432.Google Scholar For a Soviet perspective on the UPG and the Supreme Soviet in Soviet foreign policy, see Vadimov, V., Verkhovny Sovet SSSR i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija (Moscow, 1958).Google Scholar

5 On U.N. ties, see BI, No. 2,1955, pp. 22-23; IPB, No. 2, 1957, pp. 46-49. IPU resolutions cannot be enforced with sanctions, and no resolution may be passed which is directed against a particular nation because, by a 1921 decision of the Council, the IPU cannot take sides in international disputes. IPB, No. 3, 1958, p. 95. The exclusively moral force of IPU decisions was mentioned by Dr. Mordechai Nurock, member of Israeli group, in Compte rendu de la XLIVe Conference tendue a Helsinki du 25 au 31 aout 1955 (Geneva, 1956), p. 899; Inter-Parliamentary Bulletin (IPB), No. 1, 1958, p. 4.

6 The IPU owes its origin largely to William Randal Cremer, M.P. of England, and Deputy Frederic Passy of France, and began with nine charter members: Great Britain, Belgium, Hungary, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Liberia, USA, and France. IPB, No. 3, 1957, pp. 97-99.

7 Ibid, and E. A. Shibaeva, Mezhparlamentskij Sojuz (Moscow, 1957), pp. 5-10.

8 Mezhparlamentskij Sojuz. Ustav i pravila procedury (Geneva, 1957), p. 3; Yefgenev, N., “The Inter-Parliamentary Union,” New Times, No. 28, 1955, p. 29.Google Scholar

9 “Ob obrazovanii nacional&noj parlamentskoj gruppoj SSSR i vstuplenii ee v mezhparlementskij sojuz,” Dokumenty ob obraiovanii parlamentskoj gruppoj SSSR mezhparlamentskogo sojuza (Moscow, 1955), p. 7.Google Scholar

10 Thus, by early 1957, a special IPU subcommission had received answers from a majority of member groups to a four-part questionnaire on the composition and organization, legislative functions, budgetary and financial rights and control functions of their respective parliaments. Gubin, the Soviet member of the subcommission, objected to comparing parliaments with any “standard parliament,” and the bulletin of the UPG complained that questions which involved “formal comparative analysis” could be used to detract from the democratic essense of the higher organs of state power of the USSR and of the people&s democracies, and to popularize the old “bourgeois” parliaments as models of democracy. Bjulleten’ Parlamentskoj Gruppoj SSSR Mezhparlamentskogo Sojuza (Bjulleten& henceforth), No. 2, 1957, pp. 24-25.

11 When the UPG joined, there were forty-two member groups including those from Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Rumania, Czechoslovakia. Albanian, Liberian and Spanish (Republican) groups went in with the Soviet group. In 1960 groups of the following fifty-eight countries were members: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Ceylon, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal German Republic, Ghana, Great Britain, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR, UAR, USA, Venezuela, South Vietnam, Yugoslavia. Compte rendu…, pp. 1140-57; IPB, No. 3, 1958, letter of James Douglas, Assistant Secretary General, August 23, 1960.

12 Between December, 1955, and March 1958, 1302 deputies or more than 96 per cent, were members. Bjulleten&, No. 1, 1956, pp. 8-10; Z. A. Lebedeva, Parlamentskaja Gruppa Sovetskogo Sojuza (Moscow, 1958), p. 10.

13 Bjulleten&, No. 1, 1956, pp. 7-8. All members of Congress in the USA are ex officio members of their parliamentary group. IPB, No. 3, 1956, p. 83.

14 Bulletin Interparlementaire (BT), No. 4, 1955, p. 165.

15 The twenty-one-man Committee elected in 1955 included: ten central and republic party and state officials; one republic trade union official; nine writers and academicians with administrative responsibility; one unknown. The Committee elected March 29, 1958 totalled thirty-two, including: fifteen party and state officials above the district level; two republic trade union officials; one komsomol official; nine academicians, writers (including one composer) all with administrative responsibilities; one kolkhoz chairman; one engineer; two foremen or workers; one teacher, “Obshchee Sobranie… 1958,“ Bjulleten', No. 4, 1958, pp. 11-13; Lebedeva, pp. 11-12; Pravda, August 6, 1955; Bjulleten& No. 2, 1957, pp. 9, 12; No. 3, 1957, p. 5; Gorshenin, K. P., “Dejatelnost& organov mezhparlamentskogo Sojuza,” SGP, No. 3, 1957, p. 77;Google Scholar IPB, No. 1, 1958, p. 13; No. 2, 1958, pp. 53 ff.

16 957 deputies attended the general meeting of December 25, 1955; about 900 appeared at the general meeting of March 29, 1958. Bjulleten&, No. 1, 1956, p. 12; No. 4, 1958, pp. 11-13. The committee of the UPG shares the powers of the general meeting save that of electing the president, vice-president and secretary. It is supposed to send annual reports to the Inter-Parliamentary Bureau, appoint the chief of the group's secretariat, pick delegates to represent the UPG at sessions of the IPU, and set the program of the group. General meetings are scheduled when the deputies are in Moscow for meetings of the Supreme Soviet.

17 Bjulleten&, No. 1, 1956, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar

18 Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR (Ved.), No. 44, 1959, p. 581.Google Scholar

18 Lebedeva, p. 13.

20 Bjulleten&, No. 4, 1958, pp. 7–10;Google Scholar see articles by K. P. Gorshenin in Izvestia, February 9, 1956, N. A. Mikhailov, Pravda, January 13, 1956, and interview with Ju. I. Paleckis in central newspapers, December 18, 1955.

21 Large delegations travelled to the forty-fourth (Helsinki), 1955; forty-fifth (Bangkok), 1956; forty-sixth (London), 1957; forty-seventh (Rio de Janeiro), 1958; fortyeighth (Warsaw), 1959.

22 Compte rendu … 1955, passim, pp. 627-31; IPB, No. 3, 1958, p. 102.Google Scholar

23 Compte rendu … 1955, pp. 790-94, 860.

24 Ibid., pp. 970-72, 1048-52.

25 Bjulleten&, No. 1, 1956, pp. 13,Google Scholar 23; Compte rendu … 1955, pp. 629, 631, 793, 921.

26 Pravda, August 28, 30 and 31, 1955.

27 The Executive Committee, meeting usually three times a year, sees that decisions of the IPU conferences and Council are implemented, helps prepare conference agendas, passes on admissions subject to Council veto. Two of the eight places are filled by election every two years. The Inter-Parliamentary Council, or Council, meeting twice a year, is the governing body of the IPU, on which sit two representatives of each member group. It sets conference agendas, appoints the secretary general, approves the annual budget, nominates the Executive Committee, and so on. The Inter-Parliamentary Bureau is the central office of the IPU, 6 Rue Constatin, Geneva. Mezhparlamentskij Sojuz. Ustav …, pp. 8-11.

28 BI, No. 4, 1955, pp. 174–5;Google ScholarPubMed IPB, No. 1, 1956, pp. 1–3,Google Scholar 6-7.

29 IPB, No. 2, 1956, pp. 76–77.Google Scholar

30 Lebedeva, pp. 18-19, 62.

31 UPG delegates share in the preparations and politicking of the IPU study committees which prepare material for the conferences in the form of resolutions and reports based on agenda items set for them by the Council and the Executive Committee, materials which are then submitted to the Council for its approval. They provide for more fruitful and intimate exchanges between delegates than do the conferences.

32 Bjulleten&, No. 2', 1957, p. 9;Google Scholar IPB, No. 1, 1956, pp. 10–11,Google Scholar 27-29; Lebedeva, pp. 17-18.

33 Lebedeva, p. 22.

34 Bjulleten&, No. 2, 1957, pp. 12–15.Google Scholar Delegates came from the Asian or African countries of Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Liberia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sudan, Thailand. IPB, No. 4, 1956, p. 132.Google Scholar

35 Gorkin described the Supreme Soviet at a meeting of the Autonomous Section (later renamed Association…) of Secretaries General of Parliaments, an organ of the IPU where parliamentary officials may exchange information on parliamentary procedures and which publishes through the Inter-Parliamentary Bureau the quarterly review, Constitutional and Parliamentary Information. Bjulleten&, No. 2, 1957, pp. 12-14.

36 IPB, No. 1, pp. 13–18;Google Scholar No. 2, p. 59.

37 She reminded them that 700 years ago the British Parliament had begun to function in the same hall, and that twenty-seven years ago, another Inter-Parliamentary conference had opened there.

38 Lebedeva, p. 37; Bjulleten&, No. 3, 1957, pp. 5–6 Google Scholar; BI, No. 4, 1957, pp. 151–53.Google ScholarPubMed

39 Pravda, July 19, 1958.

40 IPB, No. 2, 1958, pp. 67–71;Google Scholar Bjulleten&, No. 4, 1958, pp. 49–57;Google Scholar Izvestija, July 26, 27, 31, 1958; Ved., No. 22, 1958, p. 755.Google Scholar

41 They submitted to the Executive Committee in Rio for inclusion in the agenda the resolution, “Steps to Terminate Armed Intervention in the Near and Middle East.” It emerged from the Executive Committee as, “Necessary Steps to Preserve Peace in the Near and Middle East.” The Council voted forty-four to seventeen against including the latter in the agenda. Deputy A. P. Volkov, leader of the Soviet delegation, received special permission to speak at the conference on this matter before the report of the Secretary General. Later, the Soviet delegation tried through a specially convened sitting of the Council to introduce a resolution condemning the aggression of England and the U.S.A. against the Arab people, and demanding immediate troop withdrawals. The fortress of the fixed agenda was stormed once more by the French Communist delegate in the Standing Committee on Disarmament, who attempted unsuccessfully to move a resolution demanding immediate and effective measures to guarantee peace in the Near and Middle East.

42 Bjulleten', No. 4, 1958, pp. 45–57;Google Scholar IPB, No. 2, 1958, pp. 65–71;Google Scholar No. 3, 1958, pp. 113-22.

43 IPB, No. 3, 1958, p. 121.Google Scholar

44 K. P. Gorshenin, p. 77; IPB, No. 2, 1957, pp. 51–52.Google Scholar

45 Bjulleten&, No. 2, 1957, pp. 21–23.Google Scholar

46 Lebedeva, pp. 13, 17.

47 IPB, No. 1, 1958, pp. 5–8.Google Scholar

48 BI, No. 4, 1957, pp. 155–57.Google ScholarPubMed

49 Compte rendu …, pp. 904-6.

50 IPB, No. 3, 1958, pp. 92–93.Google Scholar

51 IPB, No. 1, 1958, pp. 5–8.Google Scholar

52 Kareva, M. P., et al., Teorija gosudarstva i prava (Moscow, 1949), p. 198.Google Scholar

53 Gorshenin, p. 81.