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United Nations Governance of Postconflict Societies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2017

Michael J. Matheson
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Extract

Since the end of the Cold War a decade ago, the United Nations has exercised authority in significant new ways to address various aspects of resolving conflicts and dealing with their consequences. These new approaches have included the use offeree to end interstate and internal violence, the resolution of boundary issues and other disputes that might prolong the conflict, the elimination of threatening weapons capabilities, the prosecution of violations of international humanitarian law, and the compensation of victims of the conflict. These actions have been taken either with the consent of the state or states involved, or pursuant to the authority of the Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, or both.

Type
Symposium: State Reconstruction After Civil Conflict
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 95 , Issue 1 , January 2001 , pp. 76 - 85
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2001

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References

* Of the Board of Editors.

1 See, e.g., SC Res. 678, UN SCOR, 45th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 27, UN Doc. S/INF/46 (1990), reprinted in 29 ILM 1565 (1990) (Iraqi invasion of Kuwait); SC Res. 929, UN SCOR, 49th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 10, UN Doc. S/INF/50 (1994) (protection of civilians in Rwanda);SC Res. 940, j’d.at51 (intervention in Haiti); SC Res. 1031,UN SCOR, 50th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 18, UN Doc. S/INF/51 (1995), reprinted in 35 ILM 251 (1996) (enforcement of Dayton Accords in the former Yugoslavia).

2 See SC Res. 687, UN SCOR, 46th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 11, paras. 2-4, UN Doc. S/INF/47 (1991), reprinted in 30 ILM 847 (1991) (boundary between Iraq and Kuwait).

3 See, e.g., id., paras. 7-14 (Iraqi weapons of mass destruction).

4 See SC Res. 827, UN SCOR, 48th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 29, UN Doc. S/INF/49 (1993), reprinted in 32 ILM 1203 (1993) (International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia); SC Res. 955, UN SCOR, 49th Sess., supra note 1, at 15, reprinted in 33 ILM 1602 (1994) (International Tribunal for Rwanda).

5 See, e.g., SC Res. 687, supra note 2, paras. 16-19 (compensation for victims of Persian Gulf conflict).

6 The Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands, formerly mandated to Japan, were placed under the UN trusteeship system in 1947 as a strategic trust territory, with the United States as administering authority. See Termination of Mandates, 1 Whiteman, Digest §36, at 705-06.

7 See, e.g., Bruno Simma, The Charter of the United Nations 933-72 (1994).

8 Agreement Concerning West New Guinea (West Irian), Aug. 15, 1962, Indon.-Neth., 437 UNTS 274.

9 GA Res. 1752, UN GAOR, 17th Sess., Supp. No. 17, at 70, UN Doc. A/5217 (1962); see D. W. Bowett, United Nations Forces: A Legal Study 255-61 (1964).

10 GA Res. 2248, UN GAOR, 5th Spec. Sess., Supp. No. 1, at 1, UN Doc. A/6657 (1967).

11 See Self-Determination, 1978 Digest §1, at 38-54.

12 For an excellent description and analysis, see Steven R. Ramer, The Cambodia Settlement Agreements, 87 AJIL1 (1993).

13 Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict, Oct. 23, 1991, Art. 6 & Annex 1, 31 ILM 183, 184 (1992).

14 Id., Annex 1, §B.

15 Id., Annex l, §A(2)(a).

16 Id., Annex 1, §C.

17 Id., Annex 1,§D.

18 SC Res. 940, supra note 1.

19 General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dec. 14, 1995, Annex 1-A (Agreement on the Military Aspects of the Peace Settlement), Art. VI; Annex 4 (Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Art. III, 35 ILM 75, 97, 120 (1996). At Dayton, the parties also agreed to request the designation of a high representative to facilitate the parties’ own efforts to implement the accords. Security Council Resolution 1031, supra note 1, a Chapter VII resolution, endorsed these arrangements. Over time and without objection from the parties, the high representative has interpreted the scope of his mandate as including the authority to make binding decisions on interim measures where the parties are unable to reach agreement, and to remove officeholders, including elected officials, who are found by the high representative to be in violation of legal commitments made under the Peace Agreement or the terms for its implementation.

20 Statement by the Chairman on the Conclusion of the Meeting of the G—8 Foreign Ministers Held at the Petersberg Centre, May 6, 1999, SC Res. 1244, Annex 1 (June 10, 1999), 38 ILM 1451, 1454 (1999).

21 See SC Res. 1244, supra note 20, paras. 1-2.

22 See Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, UN Doc. S/1999/779, paras. 8-9 (July 12, 1999). The Secretary-General’s reports on UNMIK are available online at <http://www.un.org/peace/kosovo/pages/kosovol.htm>.

23 See Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, supra note 22, para. 16.

24 See id., paras. 11-15.

25 See id., paras. 5-6.

26 SC Res. 1244, supra note 20, para. 5.

27 Id., para. 7 & Annex 2, para. 4.

28 Id., para. 10.

29 Id., para. 11.

30 UNMIK Regulation 1999/1 on the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo §1 (July 25, 1999). All the regulations promulgated by UNMIK are available online at <http://www.un.org/peace/kosovo/pages/regulations>.

31 Id., §6.

32 See Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, supra note 22, paras. 54-78.

33 See id., paras. 79-90.

34 See id., paras. 91-100.

35 See id., paras. 101-09.

36 UNMIK Regulation 1999/1, supra note 30, §1.

37 Id.,§3.

38 UNMIK Regulation 1999/10 on the Repeal of Discriminatory Legislation Affecting Housing and Rights in Property (Oct. 13, 1999).

39 See Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, UN Doc. S/1999/1250, para. 55 (Dec. 23, 1999).

40 UNMIK Regulation 1999/24 on the Law Applicable in Kosovo (Dec. 12, 1999). The regulation further provides that if a situation is not covered by these sources of law, but is covered by nondiscriminatory law in force after March 1989, that law will be applied as an exception.

41 UNMIK Regulation 1999/3on the Establishment of the Customs and Other Related Services in Kosovo (Aug. 31, 1999).

42 UNMIK Regulation 1999/4 on the Currency Permitted to be Used in Kosovo (Sept. 2, 1999).

43 UNMIK Regulation 1999/9 on the Importation, Transport, Distribution and Sale of Petroleum Products (Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants) for and in Kosovo (Sept. 20, 1999).

44 UNMIK Regulation 1999/12 on the Provision of Postal and Telecommunications Services in Kosovo (Oct 14, 1999).

45 UNMIK Regulation 1999/20 on the Banking and Payments Authority of Kosovo (Nov. 15, 1999); UNMIK Regulation 1999/21 on Bank Licensing, Supervision and Regulation (Nov. 15, 1999).

46 UNMIK Regulation 1999/22 on the Registration and Operation of Non-Governmental Organizations in Kosovo (Nov. 15, 1999).

47 E.g., UNMIK Regulation 1999/5 on the Establishment of an Ad Hoc Court of Final Appeal and an Ad Hoc Office of the Public Prosecutor (Sept. 4, 1999); UNMIK Regulation 1999/7 on Appointment and Removal from Office of Judges and Prosecutors (Sept. 7, 1999); UNMIK Regulation 1999/18 on the Appointment and Removal from Office of Lay-Judges (Nov. 10, 1999).

48 SC Res. 1244, supra note 20, para. 11(a), (e).

49 Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo, Feb. 23, 1999, ch. 1 <http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ksvo_rambouillet_text.html>.

50 SC Res. 384, UN SCOR, 30th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 10, UN Doc. S/INF/31 (1975).

51 See Report of the Secretary-General on the Question of East Timor, UN Doc. A/53/951- S/1999/513 (May 5, 1999) [hereinafter Report on Question of East Timor]. The Secretary-General’s reports on East Timor are available online at <http://www.un.org/peace/etimor/docs/UntaefD.htm>.

52 See Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the Question of East Timor, UN Doc. A/54/654 (Dec. 13, 1999) [hereinafter Progress Report on East Timor].

53 Id., para. 32.

54 SC Res. 1264 (Sept. 15, 1999), 39 ILM 232 (2000).

55 See Progress Report on East Timor, supra note 52, paras. 35-38; Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, UN Doc. S/2000/53, paras. 29-31 (Jan. 26, 2000) [hereinafter Report on UNTAET].

56 SC Res. 1272 (Oct. 25, 1999), paras. 1-2, 6, 39 ILM 240 (2000).

57 UNTAET Regulation 1999/1 on the Authority of the Transitional Administration in East Timor §3 (Nov. 27, 1999).

58 UNTAET Regulation 1999/3 on the Establishment of a Transitional Judicial Service Commission (Dec. 3, 1999).

59 UNTAET Regulation 2000/1 on the Establishment of the Central Fiscal Authority of East Timor (Jan. 14, 2000).

60 E.g., UNTAET Regulation 2000/2 on the Use of Currencies in East Timor (Jan. 14, 2000); UNTAET Regulation 2000/7 on the Establishment of a Legal Tender for East Timor (Jan. 22, 2000).

61 See Report on UNTAET, supra note 55, paras. 38-39.

62 See id., paras. 40-42, 57-62.

63 See id., paras. 44-53.

64 See id., para. 43.

65 See SC Res. 384, supra note 50 (calling on all states “to respect the territorial integrity of East Timor as well as the inalienable right of its people to self-determination,” deploring the Indonesian military occupation, and calling on Indonesia to withdraw its forces without delay).

66 Agreement on the Question of East Timor, May 5, 1999, Indon.-Port., Art. 6, in Report on Question of East Timor, supra note 51, Annex I.

67 Report on UNTAET, supra note 55, para. 71.

68 E.g., SC Res. 794, UN SCOR, 47th Sess., Res. & Dec, at 63, UN Doc. S/INF/48 (1992) (Somalia); SC Res. 940, supra note 1 (Haiti).

69 UN Charter Art. 41. Article 41 states:

The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.

70 SC Res. 827, supra note 4 (creation of International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia); SC Res. 955, supra note 4 (creation of International Tribunal for Rwanda).

71 SC Res. 687, supra note 2, paras. 16—19 (compensation for victims of Persian Gulf conflict).

72 Prosecutor v. Tadić, Appeal on Jurisdiction, No. IT-94-AR72, paras. 32-38 (Oct. 2, 1995), reprinted in 35 ILM 32 (1996).