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Compensation for Expropriation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

Oscar Schachter
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Type
Editorial Comment
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 78 , Issue 1 , January 1984 , pp. 121 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1984

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References

1 Henkin, L., Pugh, R., Schachter, O. & Smit, H., International Law, Cases and Materials 687–89 (1980)Google Scholar.

2 Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398 (1964).

3 22 U.S.C.A. §2370e. The words quoted are in the First Hickenlooper Amendment and are referred to in the Second Amendment. See L. Henkin, R. Pugh, O. Schachter & H. Smit, supra note 1, at 790–91 n.1.

4 For example, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit did not accept the Hull formula in Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 658 F.2d 875 (2d Cir. 1981), discussed below.

5 Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (Revised) §712 (Tent. Draft No. 3, 1982).

6 Id., Comment a.

7 Id., Comment e.

8 Id., Reporters’ Note 1, at 202.

9 See Robinson, Expropriation in the Restatement (Revised), at p. 176 infra. Mr. Robinson and I are both advisers to the draft Restatement.

10 Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzów (Merits), 1928 PCIJ, ser. A, No. 17, at 46.

11 Norwegian Shipowners’ Claims (Nor. v. U.S.), 1 R. Int’l Arb. Awards 307, 339–41 (1922).

12 Ralston, J. H., The Law and Procedure of International Tribunals (rev. ed. 1926, supp. 1936)Google Scholar.

13 2 W. Wengler, Völkerrecht 1008 n.3 (1964).

14 De Visscher, C., Theory and Reality in International Law 203 (Corbett, trans, of 3d French ed. 1968)Google Scholar.

15 5 Rousseau, C., Droit International Public 250 (1983)Google Scholar.

16 1 Oppenheim, L., International Law 352–54 (8th ed. H. Lauterpacht 1955)Google Scholar.

17 See 43 Institut de Droit International, Annuaire (1950). See also Bindschedler, , La Protection de la propriété privée en droit international public, 90 Recueil des Cours 173 (1956 II)Google Scholar; Foighel, I., Nationalization—A Study in the Protection of Alien Property in International Law 115–26 (1957, reprinted 1982)Google Scholar; Friedman, S., Expropriation in International Law(1953)Google Scholar; García-Amador, , Fourth Report on International Responsibility to International Law Commission, [1959] 2 V.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 1–36, UN Doc. A/CN.4/ SER.A/1959/Add.1.Google Scholar

18 See Baade, , Indonesian Nationalization Measures before Foreign Courts, 54 AJIL 801 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dawson, & Weston, , “Prompt, Adequate and Effective”: A Universal Standard of Compensation?, 30 Fordham L. Rev. 727 (1961–62)Google Scholar; Doman, , Post-war Nationalization of Foreign Property in Europe, 48 Colum. L. Rev. 1125, 1128 (1948)Google Scholar; Lillich, R. & Weston, B., International Claims; Their Settlement by Lump-Sum Agreements 207–56 (1975)Google Scholar; Murphy, , Limitations on the Power of a State to Determine the Amount of Compensation Payable to an Alien upon Nationalization, in 3 Valuation of Nationalized Property in International Law 49 (1975)Google Scholar; Rubin, S., Private Foreign Investment: Legal and Economic Realities 11–23 (1956)Google Scholar; Weston, B., International Claims: Postwar French Practice (1971)Google Scholar.

19 Friedmann, , National Courts and the International Legal Order, 34 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 443, 454 (1966)Google Scholar.

20 Sohn, & Baxter, , Responsibility of States for Injuries to the Economic Interests of Aliens, 55 AJIL 545, 560 (1961)Google Scholar.

21 Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (Second) §§187— 188 (1965).

22 Id. at 567–71.

23 Id. at 568.

24 Id. at 565.

25 Id., Preface at xii.

26 In a recent case before a chamber of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, one of the arbitrators, George Aldrich, the American member, filed an individual concurring opinion in which he said that, apart from the treaty involved, “a taking of property must be accompanied by the prompt payment of just compensation which is effective and adequate to compensate fully for the value of the property taken.” Mr. Aldrich cited the Chorzów case in support. ITT Industries, Inc. v. Islamic Rep. of Iran, AWD 47–156–2 (May 26, 1983), summarized in 77 AJIL 891–93 (1983). There was no opinion of the chamber in this case, the award having been agreed upon in a settlement by the parties. Id.

27 See S. Rubin, supra note 18, at 23–28; Weston, , The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the Deprivation of Foreign-Owned Wealth, 75 AJIL 437, 455 ff (1981)Google Scholar; Farer, , The United States and the Third World, 54 Foreign Aff. 79, 84 (1975)Google Scholar.

28 Schachter, , The Evolving International Law of Development, 15 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 1, 7–9 (1976)Google Scholar.

29 Muller, , Compensation for Nationalization: A North-South Dialogue, 19 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 35 (1981)Google Scholar. See especially his discussion of the Venezuelan Oil Nationalization settlement and of the Peruvian nationalization of Marcona Mining, id. at 55–62. See also Gantz, , The Marcona Settlement, 71 AJIL 474 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Rogers, , Of Missionaries, Fanatics and Lawyers: Some Thoughts on Investment Disputes in the Americas, 72 AJIL 1 (1978)Google Scholar. See also S. Rubin, supra note 18, at 23–28, 85–88.

31 Baxter, , Treaties and Custom, 129 Recueil des Cours 25, 83–84 (1970 I)Google Scholar.

32 Robinson, this Journal at p. 177.

33 See Dolzer, New Foundations of the Law of Expropriation of Alien Property, 75 AJIL 553, 583– 89 (1981).

34 Phleger, , United States Treaties: Recent Developments, 35 Dep’t St. Bull. 11, 16 (1956)Google Scholar, also quoted in Restatement (Second), supra note 21, at 570.

35 Resolution 1803 (XVII), adopted in 1962 by a large majority that included the United States.

36 Texas Overseas Petroleum Co/California Asiatic Oil Co. v. Government of the Libyan Arab Republic, 17 ILM 3, 29 (1978), 53 ILR 389 (1979) (English trans.).

37 See Schwebel, , The Story of the U.N. ‘s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, 49 A.B.AJ. 463, 465–66 (1963)Google Scholar.

38 The legislative history of Resolution 1803 shows that the compromise reached in the UN committee deliberately avoided endorsing either the U.S. interpretation or the contrary Latin American position in favor of “national treatment.” See Orrego, Vicuña, Some International Law Problems Posed by the Nationalization of the Copper Industry by Chile, 67 AJIL 711, 721–23 (1973)Google Scholar.

39 Supra note 4.

40 658 F.2d at 892 (paras. 14–15).

41 Id.

42 Arbitration between Kuwait and the American Independent Oil Co. (AMINOIL), 21 ILM 976 (1982).

43 Id. at 1032 (para. 143).

44 Id. at 1033 (para. 144).

45 Id. at 1034 (para. 148).

46 Jiménez de, Aréchaga, International Law in the Past Third of a Century, 159 Recueil Des Cours 1, 302 (1978 I)Google Scholar.

47 The point was made earlier by Richard, Falk. Falk, The New States and International Legal Order, 118 Recueil des Cours 1, 29 (1966 II)Google Scholar.

48 See Dolzer, supra note 33, at 568 n.58.

49 See García-Amador, , The Proposed New International Economic Order: A New Approach to the Law Governing Nationalization and Compensation, 12 Law. Am. 1, 44–48 (1980)Google Scholar; Weston, supra note 27, at 460–69; O. Schachter, Sharing the World’s Resources 125–30 (1977).

50 See L. Henkin, R. Pugh, O. Schachter & H. Smit, supra note 1, at 698–99.

51 Arbitral award, supra note 42, 21 ILM at 1033 (para. 146).