Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-20T15:07:43.815Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Policies, programs, and regulations to support the transition to sustainable agriculture in Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2009

Rod J. MacRae ,
Stuart B. Hill ,
John Henning  and
Alison J. Bentley
Rod J. MacRae
Affiliation:
Graduate student in the Department of Renewable Resources and Researcher at Ecological Agriculture Projects
Stuart B. Hill
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Entomology, and Director of Ecological Agriculture Projects.
John Henning
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Economics.
Alison J. Bentley
Affiliation:
Consultant working with Ecological Agriculture Projects.
Get access

Abstract

The development of political strategies in Canada to support the transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture has been limited by the absence of a comprehensive conceptual framework for identifying the most critical policies, programs, and regulations. In this paper, we propose a framework that uses an efficiency/substitution/redesign spectrum to categorize both sustainable fanning systems and government activities. The framework is then used to identify a diverse range of short, medium, and longterm strategies to be pursued by governments in Canada to support the transition. Strategies discussed include research, diffusion, and training; market development; and safety net programs and tax provisions. Finally, the implications and implementation of the redesign concept for food production, processing, and distribution are outlined.

Keywords

sustainable agriculturepolicytransitionresearchtrainingregulation
Type
Articles
Information
American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , June 1990 , pp. 76 - 92
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Agriculture Canada. 1989. Growing Together: A vision for Canada's agri-food industry. Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
2.Albrecht, W. A. 1975. The Albrecht Papers (C. Walters, ed.). Acres USA, Raytown, Missouri.Google Scholar
3.Altieri, M. A. 1987. Agroecology: The scientific basis of alternative agriculture. Second edition. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
4.Aubé, D. L. 1988. Canada's Trade in Agricultural Products 1985, 1986, 1987. Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
5.Aubert, C. 1972. L'Agriculture Biologique. Le Courrier Du Livre, Paris, France.Google Scholar
6.Auditor General of Canada. 1988. 1988 Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons. Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
7.Baker, B. P., and Smith, D. B.. 1987. Self-identified research needs of New York organic farmers. American J. Alternative Agriculture 2:107–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Balfour, E. G. 1975. The Living Soil and the Haughley Experiment. Faber and Faber, London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
9.Baseline Market Research. 1988. Organic Agriculture Study. A Report for the Agriculture Development Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
10.Beaubien, C. 1986. Purpose in government departments: A Canadian perspective. Man-Environment Systems 16:133–142.Google Scholar
11.Benbrook, C. M. 1989. Agriculture and groundwater quality: Policy implications and choices. Annual Meeting of the AAAS, January 17, San Francisco, California.Google Scholar
12.Bentley, C. F. 1980. The disappearing land. Agrologist 9(4):9–11.Google Scholar
13.Bertin, O. 1989. Food industry alters recipes for health food fad diets. Globe and Mail, August 21.Google Scholar
14.Blobaum, R. 1983. Barriers to conversion to organic farming practices in the Midwestern United States. In Lockeretz, W. (ed.). Environmentally Sound Agriculture. Praeger, New York, New York. pp. 263–278.Google Scholar
15.Boehncke, E. 1986. The role of animals in a biological farming system. In H. Vogtmann, E. Boehncke, and I. Fricke (eds.). The Importance of Biological Agriculture in a World of Diminishing Resources. Verlagsgruppe, Witzenhausen, Federal Republic of Germany, pp. 317–331.Google Scholar
16.Boehncke, E. 1988. Animal production problems in European agriculture and possible solutions in organic farming systems. In Allen, P. and Van Dusen, D. (eds.). Global Perspectives on Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Agroecology Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, pp. 317–322.Google Scholar
17.Bonanno, A. 1987. Agricultural policies and the capitalist state. Agriculture and Human Values 4(2/3):40–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Bond, W. K., Bruneau, H. C., and Bircham, P. D.. 1986. Federal Programs with the Potential to Significantly Affect Canada's Land Resources. Lands Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
19.Bookchin, M. 1989. Remaking Society. Black Rose Books, Montreal, Quebec, pp. 66–94.Google Scholar
20.Braidek, J. 1990. Saskatchewan Crop Insurance offers option for organic producers. Synergy, Spring:4.Google Scholar
21.British Organic Farmers (BOF) and Organic Growers Association (OGA). 1988. Response to the UK Agriculture Department's consultation document: An extensification scheme. In Set-Aside of Agricultural Land: Written evidence to the Select Committee on the European Communities, House of Lords, Session 1987–88, 10th Report. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom, pp. 102–104.Google Scholar
22.Brooks, D. B., Robinson, J. B., and Torrie, R. D.. 1983. 2025: Soft energy futures for Canada. Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
23.Brusko, M., DeVault, G., Zahradnik, F., Cramer, C., and Ayers, L.. 1985. Profitable Farming Now! Regenerative Agriculture Association, Emmaus, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
24.Burke, M. A. 1988. Loss of prime agricultural land: The example of southern Ontario. Canadian Social Trends, Summer:33–34.Google Scholar
25.Buttel, F. H., and Newby, H.. 1980. The Rural Sociology of the Advanced Societies: Critical perspectives. Allanheld, Osman, Montclair, New Jersey.Google Scholar
26.Campbell, H. 1987. Use of legumes in rotation. In A. Coxworth (ed.). Ecological Agriculture Update. Saskatchewan Environmental Society, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, pp. 25–37.Google Scholar
27.Canadian Agricultural Research Council ad hoc Committee on Natural and Organic Foods. 1990. Report to the Canadian Agricultural Research Council, March. Canadian Agricultural Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
28.Canadian Organic Producers Marketing Co-operative. 1984. Testimony to the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.Google Scholar
29.Carmichael, E. A., and Macmillan, K.. 1988. Focus on Follow-through: Policy Review and Outlook. C. D. Howe Institute, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
30.Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). 1989. Organic agriculture: What the states are doing. CSPI, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
31.Chaboussou, F. 1982. Les Plantes Malades des Pesticides. Editions Débard, Paris, France.Google Scholar
32.Clancy, K. L. 1986. The role of sustainable agriculture in improving the safety and quality of the food supply. American J. Alternative Agriculture 1:11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Commoner, B. 1970. The ecological facts of life. In Johnson, H. D. (ed.). No Deposit No Return: Man and His Environment - A View Toward Survival. Addison-Wesley, Don Mills, Ontario, pp. 18–35.Google Scholar
34.Conservation Council of Ontario (CCO). 1986. Towards a Conservation Strategy for Ontario. CCO, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
35.Consumer and Corporate Affairs. 1988. Guide to Food Manufacturers and Advertisers. Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
36.Cornucopia Project. 1981. Empty Breadbasket: The Coming Challenge to America's Food Supply and What We Can Do About It. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
37.Cornucopia Project. 1984. Jobs for Americans: The Untapped Potential for Employing More People in America's Largest Industry. Cornucopia Project, Emmaus, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
38.Costanza, R. 1987. Social traps and environmental policy. BioScience 37:407–412.Google Scholar
39.Cox, G. 1984. The linkage of inputs to outputs in agroecosystems. In Lowrance, R., Stinner, B., and House, G. (eds.). Agricultural Ecosystems: Unifying Concepts. John Wiley, New York, New York. pp. 187–208.Google Scholar
40.Daberkow, S. G., and Reichelderfer, K. H.. 1988. Low-input agriculture trends, goals and prospects for input use. American J. Agricultural Economics 70:1159–1166.Google Scholar
41.Dahlberg, K. A. 1985. Ethical and value dimensions of agricultural systems and agricultural research. In Edens, T., Fridgen, C., and Battenfield, S. (eds.). Sustainable Agriculture and Integrated Farming Systems. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, pp. 202–218.Google Scholar
42.Dover, M. J. 1985. A Better Mousetrap: Improving Pest Management for Agriculture. World Resources Institute #4, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
43.Dryzek, J. S. 1987. Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
44.Duesenberg, B., and Girling, B.. 1984. The Impact of Environmental Legislation Upon Agriculture. Seminar Paper #16, Centre for European Agricultural Studies, Wye College, Ashford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
45.Duff, S. N., Stonehouse, D. P., Brown, D. R., Baker, K. M., Blackburn, D. J., Coyle, D. O., and Hilts, S. G.. 1990. Understanding Soil Conservation Behaviour: A Critical Review. Technical Publication 90-1. Centre for Soil and Water Conservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.Google Scholar
46.Economic Council of Canada. 1988. Handling the Risks: A Report on the Prairie Grain Economy. Economic Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
47.Edwards, C. A. 1987. The concept of integrated systems in lower input/sustainable agriculture. American J. Alternative Agriculture 2:148–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Ekins, P. (ed.). 1986. The Living Economy: A New Economics in the Making. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
49.Evans, R., and Russell, P.. 1989. The Creative Manager. Unwin, London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
50.Feenstra, G. W. 1988. Who chooses your food? A study of the effects of cosmetic standards on the quality of produce. California Public Interest Research Group (CALpirg), Los Angeles, California.Google Scholar
51.Fleming, M. H. 1987. Agricultural chemicals in ground water: Preventing contamination by removing barriers against low-input farm management. American J. Alternative Agriculture 2:124–130.Google Scholar
52.Forbes, J. D. 1985. Institutions and Influence Groups in Canadian Farm and Food Policy. Monographs on Canadian Public Administration #6, Institute of Public Administration #10. Institute of Public Administration of Canada, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
53.Francis, D. 1986. Controlling Interest: Who Owns Canada? Seal Books, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
54.Frisch, T. 1989. How does your state rate? Natural Fanner, Fall: 14.Google Scholar
55.Fukuoka, M. 1985. The Natural Way of Farming: The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy. Japan Publications, Tokyo and New York.Google Scholar
56.Furuseth, O., and Pierce, J.. 1982. A comparative analysis of farmland preservation programs in North America. Canadian Geographer 26(3):191–205.Google Scholar
57.Gilson, J. C. 1987. Federal policies and soil conservation. In Anderson, D. W. (ed.). In Search of Soil Conservation Strategies in Canada. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 43–50.Google Scholar
58.Goldsmith, E. 1988. The Great U-turn: Deindustrializing Society. Green Books, Bideford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
59.Greenprint for Canada Committee. 1989. Greenprint for Canada: A federal agenda for the environment. Greenprint for Canada Committee, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
60.Grier, K. 1990. Canada's new nutrition labeling guidelines. PDR Notes 64:2, 6. April.Google Scholar
61.Grimme, L. H., Altenburger, R., Faust, M., and Prietzel, K.. 1986. Towards an ecotrophobiosis: Developing a strategy in relation to food and health from a life sciences point of view. FAST Occasional Paper #106, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
62.Hall, D. H., Baker, B. P., Franco, J., and Jolly, D. A.. 1989. Organic food and sustainable agriculture. Contemporary Policy Issues 7:47–72.Google Scholar
63.Hall, R. H. 1974. Food for Nought: The Decline in Nutrition. Harper and Row, Hagerstown, Maryland.Google Scholar
64.Hammond, K. R., Mumpower, J., Dennis, R. L., Fitch, S., and Crumpacker, W.. 1983. Fundamental obstacles to the use of scientific information in public policy making. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, pp. 287–297.Google Scholar
65.Hancock, T. 1989. Sustaining health: Achieving health for all in a secure environment. Background Paper. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
66.Harnapp, V. 1988. Ontario: Food self-sufficiency or food dependency? Presentation to the International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio, September.Google Scholar
67.Haughton, B. 1987. Developing local food policies: One city's experience. J. Public Health Policy, Summer: 180–191.Google Scholar
68.Heffernan, W. D. 1984. Assumptions of the adoption/diffusion model and soil conservation. In English, B. C., Maetzold, J. A., Holding, B. R., and Heady, E. O. (eds.). Future Agricultural Technology and Resource Conservation. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp. 254–269.Google Scholar
69.Heffernan, W. D. 1986. Review and evaluation of social externalities. In Dahlberg, K. (ed.). New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research: Neglected Dimensions and Emerging Alternatives. Rowman and Allanheld, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 199–220.Google Scholar
70.Henderson, H. 1981. The Politics of the New Solar Age: Alternatives to Economics. Anchor Books, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
71.Henning, J., Thomassin, P., and Baker, L.. 1990. Financing organic agriculture: A survey of the experiences of farm lending institutions and organic producers in Quebec. Department of Agricultural Economics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.Google Scholar
72.Herrin, M., and Gussow, J. D.. 1989. Designing a sustainable regional diet. J. Nutrition Education 21(6):270–275.Google Scholar
73.Hill, S. B. 1982. A global food and agriculture policy for western countries: Laying the foundation. Nutrition and Health 1:108–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Hill, S. B. 1984. Organic farming in Canada. Ecological Agriculture Projects Research Paper #4, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.Google Scholar
75.Hill, S. B. 1985. Redesigning the food system for sustainability. Alternatives 12(3/4):32–36.Google Scholar
76.Hill, S. B. 1986. Sustainable human development: Driving and restraining forces in the food system. A submission to the World Commission on Environment and Development. Regional Priorities 1(2):2–6.Google Scholar
77.Hill, S. B. 1988. The healing and evolution of person and planet: Ecovalues, ecovision, ecoaction. Presentation to 17th ICUS Conference on Science and Values, Los Angeles, California, November.Google Scholar
78.Hodges, R. D. 1982. Agriculture and horticulture: The need for a more biological approach. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 1:1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79.Holmberg, S. D., Wells, J. C., and Cohen, M. L.. 1984. Animal to man transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella: Investigations of U.S. outbreaks, 1971–83. Science 225:833–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80.Holmberg, S. D., Solomon, S. L., and Blake, P. A.. 1987. Health and economic impacts of antimicrobial resistance. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 9:1065–1078.Google Scholar
81.Howard, A. 1947. The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture. Devin-Adair, New York, New York.Google Scholar
82.Institute for Community Economics. 1982. The Community Land Trust Handbook. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
83.Jabes, J., and Zussman, D.. 1988. Motivation, rewards, and satisfaction in the Canadian federal public service. Canadian Public Administration 31(2):204–225.Google Scholar
84.Jackson, J., and Weller, P.. 1983. Chemical Nightmare. Waterloo Public Interest Research Group, Waterloo, Ontario.Google Scholar
85.Jackson, R. 1988. Too much to know and too little time: Problems of government in the information age. Draft manuscript. Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
86.Jackson, R. J., and Atkinson, M. M.. 1980. The Canadian Legislative System: Politicians and Policy-making. Second revised edition. MacMillan, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
87.Johnson, L. W., and Frohman, A. L.. 1989. Identifying and closing the gap in the middle of organizations. Academy of Management Executive 3:107–114.Google Scholar
88.Joliffe, G. D. 1989. Strategic planning for new crop development. J. Production Agriculture 2:6–13.Google Scholar
89.Joliffe, G. D., and Snapp, S. S.. 1988. New crop development: Opportunity and challenges. J. Production Agriculture 1:83–89.Google Scholar
90.Kneen, B. 1989. From Land to Mouth: Understanding the Food System. NC Press, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
91.Knorr, D., and Vogtmann, H.. 1983. Quantity and quality determination of ecologically grown foods. In Knorr, D. (ed.). Sustainable Food Systems. AVI Publishing, Westport, Connecticut, pp. 352–381.Google Scholar
92.Koepf, H., Petersson, B., and Schaumann, W.. 1976. Biodynamic Agriculture: An Introduction. Anthroposophic Press, Spring Valley, New York.Google Scholar
93.Kolodny, H. 1989. Design skills and intensity of beliefs. In Wright, S. and Morley, D. (eds.). Learning Works: Searching for Organizational Futures. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario. pp. 36–46.Google Scholar
94.Koopmans, T. 1987. An application of an agro-economic model to environmental issues in the EC: A case study. European Review of Agricultural Economics 14:147–159.Google Scholar
95.Kramer, C. S., and van Ravenswaay, E. O.. 1989. Proposition 65 and the economics of food safety. American J. Agricultural Economics 71:1293–1299.Google Scholar
96.Kramer, D. 1984. Problems facing Canadian farmers using organic methods. In Schrecker, T. and Vies, R. (eds.). Pesticide Policy: The Environmental Imperative. Friends of the Earth, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 129–162.Google Scholar
97.Kramer, D. 1989. Out of season: Questioning the content of fresh produce. Harrowsmith 83:39–47.Google Scholar
98.Lawrence, F. (ed.). 1986. Additives: Your Complete Survival Guide. Century, London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
99.Lewin, K. 1947 (1982). Force field analysis. In Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. (eds.). Management of Organizational Behaviour. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 115–117.Google Scholar
100.Linder, M. C. 1985. Food quality and its determinants from field to table: Growing food, its storage and preparation. In Linder, M. C. (ed.). Nutritional Biochemistry and Metabolism: With Clinical Applications. Elsevier, New York. pp. 239–254.Google Scholar
101.Lockeretz, W. 1988. Open questions in sustainable agriculture. American J. Alternative Agriculture 3:174–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102.Lok, S. C. 1984. USDA Soil conservation activities on the U.S. Great Plains: Lessons for Agriculture Canada on the Canadian Prairies. Regional Development Branch Working Paper, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
103.Lovins, A. B., and Lovins, L. H.. 1982. Brittle Power. Brick House, Andover, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
104.Lowrance, R., Stinner, B., and House, G.. 1984. Introduction. In Lowrance, R., Stinner, B., and House, G. (eds.). Agricultural Ecosystems: Unifying Concepts. John Wiley, New York, New York. pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
105.Lowrance, R., Hendrix, P., and Odum, E.. 1986. A hierarchical approach to sustainable agriculture. American J. Alternative Agriculture 1:169–173.Google Scholar
106.Maass, O. 1989. An economic evaluation of organic and chemical-intensive agriculture. School of Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.Google Scholar
107.MacRae, H. F. 1987. The effect of provincial policies and legislation on soil conservation. In Anderson, D. W. (ed.). In Search of Soil Conservation Strategies in Canada. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 51–66.Google Scholar
108.MacRae, R. J., Henning, J., and Hill, S. B.. 1988. Financing organic/sustainable agriculture: Current problems and new strategies. Ecological Agriculture Projects Research Paper #5, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.Google Scholar
109.MacRae, R. J., Hill, S. B., Henning, J., and Mehuys, G. R.. 1989a. Agricultural science and sustainable agriculture: A review of the existing scientific barriers to sustainable food production and potential solutions. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 6:173–219.Google Scholar
110.MacRae, R. J., Bentley, A. J., and Hill, S. B.. 1989b. An Overview of the Definition, Certification, Verification and Control of Organic and Natural Foods in Canada and With Our Main Trading Partners. A report to the CARC ad hoc Committee on Natural and Organic Foods. Ecological Agriculture Projects, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, October.Google Scholar
111.MacRae, R. J., Hill, S. B., Mehuys, G. R., and Henning, J.. 1990. Farm-scale agronomic and economic conversion to sustainable agriculture. Advances in Agronomy 43:155–198.Google Scholar
112.Manning, E. W. 1988. Soil conservation: The barriers to a comprehensive national response. Prairie Forum, Spring:99–121.Google Scholar
113.Matas, R. 1987. Stocking shelves has a hidden cost. Globe and Mail, 28 February.Google Scholar
114.McKinney, T. R., and Gold, A.. 1987. U.S. feedlot beef. Rocky Mountain Institute Report 87–27, Old Snowmass, Colorado.Google Scholar
115.McQuaig, L. 1987. Beyond Closed Doors: How the Rich Won Control of Canada's Tax System - and Ended Up Richer. Viking Press, Markham, Ontario.Google Scholar
116.Meeker-Lowry, S. 1988. Economics as if the Earth Mattered: A Catalyst Guide to Socially Conscious Investing. New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
117.Milio, N. 1988. An analysis of the implementation of Norwegian nutrition policy, 1981–87. Report prepared for the World Health Organization 1990 Conference on Food and Nutrition Policy. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.Google Scholar
118.Mitchell, D. 1975. The Politics of Food. Lorimer, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
119.Mollison, W. 1979. Permaculture II: Practical Design and Further Theory. Tagani Books, Tasmania, Australia.Google Scholar
120.Morgan, G. 1989a. Organizational choice and the new technology. In Wright, S. and Morley, D. (eds.). Learning Works: Searching for Organizational Futures. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 47–62.Google Scholar
121.Morgan, J. 1989b. The 1990 Farm Bill. Presentation to the Natural Organic Farmers Association (NOFA) Conference, Williamstown, Massachusetts, July.Google Scholar
122.Morley, D. 1989. Frameworks for organizational change: Towards action learning in global environments. In Wright, S. and Morley, D. (eds.). Learning Works: Searching for Organizational Futures. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 163–190.Google Scholar
123.Morley, D., and Wright, S.. 1989. Epilogue: Organizational and contextual change. In Wright, S. and Morley, D. (eds.). Learning Works: Searching for Organizational Futures. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 256–278.Google Scholar
124.Morris, D. 1982. Self-Reliant Cities: Energy and Transformation of Urban America. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California.Google Scholar
125.Musser, W. N. 1990. Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture in Pennsylvania. In Hamlett, C. A. (ed.). Pennsylvania's Agricultural Economy: Trends, Issues and Prospects. Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, College Park, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
126.National Research Council. 1987. Pesticide Residues in Food: The Delaney Paradox. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
127.National Research Council. 1988. Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
128.Newman, P. C. 1979. The Canadian Establishment. Volume 1, second edition. Seal Books, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
129. Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture. 1975. On Norwegian Nutrition and Food Policy. Report #32 to the Storting, Oslo. p. 72.Google Scholar
130.Nowland, J. L. 1987. Canadian concerns for soil quality. In Anderson, D. W. (ed.). In Search of Soil Conservation Strategies in Canada. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 11–22.Google Scholar
131.OECD. 1988. Opportunities for the integration of agricultural and environmental policies. Draft Final Report of the Committee for Agriculture, OECD, Paris, France.Google Scholar
132.Ontario Public Interest Research Group (OPIRG). 1979. The Tomato Papers. OPIRG, Waterloo, Ontario.Google Scholar
133.Osbaldeston, G. 1988. Job descriptions for DMs. Policy Options 9(1):33–38.Google Scholar
134.Patriquin, D. G., Hill, N. M., Baines, D., Bishop, M., and Allen, G.. 1986. Observations on a mixed farm during the transition to biological husbandry. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 4:69–154.Google Scholar
135.Peter, D., and Ghesquière, P. 1988. Bilan des Connaissances et des Applications de l'Agriculture Biologique et Interet pour l'Agriculture Communautaire. I: Situation des Pays de la C.E.E. Rapport Definitif pour la Commission des Communautes Europeennes, Contrat #86-B6611-11-004-11-S, CRABE, Opprebais, Belgium.Google Scholar
136.Peters, T. J., and Waterman, R. H.. 1982. In Search of Excellence. Warner Books, New York, New York.Google Scholar
137.Petterssen, B. D. 1978. A comparison between conventional and biodynamic farming systems as indicated by yields and quality. In Besson, J. and Vogtmann, H. (eds.). Towards a Sustainable Agriculture. Verlag Wirz, Aarau, Switzerland, pp. 87–94.Google Scholar
138.Phipps, T. T., Allen, K., and Caswell, J. A.. 1989. The political economy of California's Proposition 65. American J. Agricultural Economics 71:1286–1292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
139.Pidgeon, E. R. 1984. How specific federal policies may impact on prairie soil and moisture conservation. Regional Development Branch Working Paper, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
140.Pim, L. 1981. The Invisible Additives: Environmental Contaminants in Our Food. Doubleday, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
141.Pim, L. 1986. Additive Alert. Doubleday, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
142.Pimentel, D., Terhune, E. C., Dritschilo, W., Gallahan, D., Kinner, N., Nafus, D., Peterson, R., Zarch, N., Misiti, J., and Haber-Schaim, O.. 1977. Pesticides, insects in foods, and cosmetic standards. BioScience 27:178–185.Google Scholar
143.Plumptre, T. W. 1988. Beyond the Bottom Line: Management in Government. Institute for Research in Public Policy, Halifax, Nova Scotia.Google Scholar
144.Pollution Probe. 1989. The Canadian Green Consumer Guide. McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
145.Poncavage, J. 1989. Sold on organic. Organic Gardening, June:42–45.Google Scholar
146.Postel, S. 1987. Defusing the toxics threat: Controlling pesticides and industrial waste. WorldWatch Paper 79, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
147.Presnal, D. 1989. Beef hormones: The customer is always right. Grassroots, Summer:4–5.Google Scholar
148.Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture. 1988. Sustainable agriculture assistance program. Department of Agriculture Program #22, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.Google Scholar
149.Pross, A. P. 1986. Group Politics and Public Policy. Oxford University Press, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
150.Reganold, J. 1988. Comparison of soil properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming systems. American J. Alternative Agriculture 3:144–155.Google Scholar
151.Ringen, K. 1977. The Norwegian food and nutritional policy. American J. Public Health 67:550–551.Google Scholar
152.Robbins, J. 1987. Diet for a New America. Stillpoint, Walpole, New Hampshire.Google Scholar
153.Robertson, J. 1983. The Sane Alternative. J. Robertson, Oxford.Google Scholar
154.Robinson, P. 1985. Effects of a Transition to Ecological-Organic Agriculture on Livestock Production in Manitoba. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.Google Scholar
155.Robinson, P. 1986. Searching for alternative solutions: Sustainable agriculture. Policy Branch Working Paper, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
156.Rocky Mountain Institute. 1986. Economic research project demonstration packet. Rocky Mountain Institute Report ER86-6, Old Snowmass, Colorado.Google Scholar
157.Rodefield, R. D., Flora, J., Voth, D., Fujimoto, I., and Converse, J. (eds.). 1978. Change in Rural America: Causes, Consequences and Alternatives. C. V. Moseby, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
158.Rundgren, G. 1989. Development of organic agriculture in Sweden. In R. Young and D. Schwenk (eds.). The Case for Organic Agriculture. Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Organic Agriculture. BOF/ OGA, Bristol, United Kingdom, pp. 17–18.Google Scholar
159.Sale, K. 1985. Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California.Google Scholar
160.Samson, R., Bridger, G., Foulds, C., and Patriquin, D. G.. 1989. On-farm research 1988. Resource Efficient Agricultural Production (REAP)-Canada, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.Google Scholar
161.Sand, D. 1985. Conservation easements and the conservation movement. J. Soil and Water Conservation 40:337.Google Scholar
162.Science Council of Canada. 1979. Canadian food and agriculture: Sustainability and selfreliance. Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
163.Senate of Canada. 1984. Soil at Risk. Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
164.Silverstein, B. 1984. Fed Up: The Food Forces that Make Us Fat, Poor and Sick. Black Rose Books, Montreal, Quebec.Google Scholar
165.Singer, B. D. 1986. Advertising and Society. Addison-Wesley, Don Mills, Ontario.Google Scholar
166.Skogstad, G. 1987. The Politics of Agricultural Policy-Making in Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
167.Small, B. M., Small, B. J., and Priesnitz, W.. 1989. Healthy environments for Canadians: Making the vision a reality. Health Promotion, Spring:2–7.Google Scholar
168.Solomon, M. B., and Lynch, G. P.. 1989. Growth and carcass characteristics of young ram lambs fed to attain market weight in 120 days from birth: A review. Sheep Industry Development Research Digest 5:18.Google Scholar
169.Solway, J. 1988. Linkage, synergy and high performance economies. Policy Options 9(9):15–19.Google Scholar
170.Spika, J. S. et al. 1987. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella Newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms. New England Journal of Medicine 316:565–570.Google Scholar
171.Statistics Canada. 1988. 1987 Apparent Per Capita Food Consumption in Canada: Part 1. Catalogue #32–229. Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
172.Steiner, F., and Theilacker, J. (eds.). 1984. Protecting Farmlands. AVI Publishing, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
173.Stopes, C., and Woodward, L.. 1988. Can the CAP be made fit?: Organic agriculture and agricultural policy. IFOAM Bulletin 5:6–8.Google Scholar
174.Strange, M. 1988. Family Farming: A New Economic Vision. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, pp. 144–164.Google Scholar
175.Swanson, L. E., Camboni, S. M., and Napier, T. L.. 1986. Barriers to adoption of soil conservation practices on farms. In Lovejoy, S. B. and Napier, T. L. (eds.). Conserving Soil: Insights from Socio-Economic Research. Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, Iowa. pp. 108–120.Google Scholar
176.Thériault, J. 1988. La Situation et le Developpement de l'Agriculture Ecologique au Québec. Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), Québec.Google Scholar
177.Thompson, R., and Thompson, S.. 1985. A farmer's approach to on-farm research. Thompson's On-Farm Research, Boone, Iowa.Google Scholar
178.Toronto Board of Health. 1988. Healthy Toronto 2000: A strategy for a healthier city. Department of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
179.Troughton, M. J. 1985. The industrialization of Canadian and U.S. agriculture. J. Geography, November/December:255–263.Google Scholar
180.Ulrich, D., and Wiersema, M. F.. 1989. Gaining strategic and organizational capability in a turbulent business environment. Academy of Management Executive 3:115–122.Google Scholar
181.Veeman, M. M. 1987. Marketing strategies for soil conservation. In Anderson, D. W. (ed.). In Search of Soil Conservation Strategies in Canada. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 125–136.Google Scholar
182.Veeman, M. M., and Veeman, T. S.. 1976. The direction of Canadian agricultural policy. Canadian J. Agricultural Economics 24:78–90.Google Scholar
183.Voisin, A. 1959. Soil, Grass and Cancer. Crosby Lockwood, London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
184.Walker, J. L., and Walker, L. J. S.. 1988. Self-reported stress symptoms in farmers. J. Clinical Psychology 44(1):10–16.Google Scholar
185.Walters, C., and Fenzau, C. J.. 1979. An Acres USA Primer. Acres USA, Raytown, Missouri.Google Scholar
186.Walters, C. J., and Rolling, C. S.. 1984. Resilience and adaptability in ecological management systems: Why do policy models fail? In Conway, G. R. (ed.). Pest and Pathogen Control: Strategic, Tactical, and Policy Models. John Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 470–479.Google Scholar
187.Wanczycki, J. 1984. Impacts and program delivery aspects of current activities to prevent soil degradation and conserve and improve soil and water resources for agriculture. Regional Development Branch Working Paper, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
188.Ward, J. R., Benfield, F. K., and Kinsinger, A. E.. 1989. Reaping the Revenue Code: Why We Need Sensible Tax Reform for Sustainable Agriculture. Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York.Google Scholar
189.Warkentin, B. P., and Gertler, M.. 1977. Canadian agriculture in the year 2001: Scenarios for a resource-efficient agriculture and an eco-agriculture. Draft Report to the Science Council of Canada. Ecological Agriculture Projects, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.Google Scholar
190.Warnock, J. W. 1978. Profit Hungry: The Food Industry in Canada. New Star Books, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
191.Warnock, J. W. 1982. B.C. Reliance on Food Imports: An Analysis of the Short and Long-Term Prospects for Continued Food Imports to B.C. Peace Valley Environmental Association, Dawson Creek, British Columbia.Google Scholar
192.Warnock, J. W. 1984. Canadian grain and the industrial food system. Presentation to Learned Societies Conference, Guelph, Ontario, 10 June.Google Scholar
193.Warren, C. L., Kerr, A., and Turner, A. M.. 1989. Urbanization of rural land in Canada, 1981–86. State of the Environment Fact Sheet #89–1, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
194.Weinschenck, G. 1987. The economic or the ecological way?: Basic alternatives for the EC's agricultural policy. European Review of Agricultural Economics 14:49–60.Google Scholar
195.Wernick, S., and Lockeretz, W.. 1977. Motivation and practices of organic farmers. Compost Science 20(6):20–24.Google Scholar
196.Will, R., Mariin, A. T., Corson, B., and Schorsch, J.. 1988. Shopping for a Better World. Council on Economic Priorities, New York, New York.Google Scholar
197.Winikoff, B. 1977. Nutrition and food policy: The approaches of Norway and the United States. American J. Public Health 67:552–557.Google Scholar
198.World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). 1987. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
199.Wrabley, R. B. 1989. Neo-conservatism and social ecology: 1960s–1980s. Our Generation 25(2):18–53.Google Scholar
200.Wright, S. 1989. The design process and social change. In Wright, S. and Morley, D. (eds.). Learning Works: Searching for Organizational Futures. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 213–231.Google Scholar
201.Wright, S., and Morley, D. (eds.). 1989. Learning Works: Searching for Organizational Futures. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario.Google Scholar
202.Yeates, M. 1985. Land Use in Canada's Heartland. Land Use in Canada Series #27. Lands Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar