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Party and the Augustan Constitution, 1694-1716: Politics and the Power of the Executive

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2014

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Extract

William of Orange tried to be as absolute as possible. Inroads upon the power of the executive were fiercely resisted: indeed, William succeeded in keeping even the judiciary in a precarious state of independence. To maintain the prerogative and gain the needed supplies from parliament, he relied upon a mixed whig-tory ministry to direct court efforts. Following the Glorious Revolution, the whigs had divided into two principle groups. One faction led by Robert Harley and Paul Foley became the standard-bearers of the broadly based Country party, maintained the “old whig” traditions, did not seek office during William's reign, tried to hold the line on supply, and led the drive to limit the prerogative. The “junto,” “court,” or “new” whigs, on the other hand, were led by ministers who, while in opposition during the Exclusion crisis, held court office, aggressively sought greater offices, and wished to replace monarchy with oligarchy. They soon joined tory courtiers in opposing many of the Country party attempts to place additional restrictions upon the executive. To defend the prerogative and gain passage for bills of supply, William also developed techniques employed by Charles II. By expanding the concept and power of the Court party, he sought to bring together the executive and legislative branches of government through a large cadre of crown office-holders (placemen) who sat, voted, and directed the votes of others on behalf of the government when matters of importance arose in the Commons. So too, William claimed the right to dissolve parliament and call new elections not on a fixed date, as was to become the American practice, but at the time deemed most propitious over first a three-year and then (after 1716) a seven year period.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference on British Studies 1978

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References

1 Rubini, D.A., “The Precarious Independence of the Judiciary, 1688-1701,” Law Quarterly Review, LXXXIII (1967):343–45Google Scholar.

2 Walcott, Robert, “The Idea of Party in the Writing of Later Stuart History,” Journal of British Studies, I (1962): 54et. seq.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, provides a lucid history of the contributions regarding party during this period made by various historians.

3 See ibid, and English Politics in the Early Eighteenth Century (1956).

4 Horwitz, H. G., “Parties, Connections, and Parliamentary Politics, 1689-1714: Review and Revision,” Journal of British Studies, VI (1966): 4569CrossRefGoogle Scholar; The Structure of Parliamentary Politics,” in Holmes, Geoffrey, ed., Britain After the Glorious Révolution (1969), pp. 96115Google Scholar; The General Election of 1690,” Journal of British Studies, X (1971): 7789Google Scholar; Parliament and the Glorious Revolution,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historial Research, XLVII (1974): 3653Google Scholar; I.F. Burton, P.W.J. Riley and E. Rowlands, “Political Parties in the Reign of William III and Anne: The Evidence of Division Lists,” ibid., special supplement No. 7 (1968); Henry Snyder, “Party Configurations in the Early Eighteenth Century House of Commons,” ibid., XIV (1972): 38-73.

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8 I Geo. I.c. 28.

9 R. Jennens to T. Coke, 11 November 1701, H.M.C. Cowper, II: 439Google Scholar. The parliament elected in 1698 might have been continued for an additional session. This minor violation of the letter of the statute could have helped the Court justify the subsequent premature dissolution.

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17 “The Structure of Parliamentary Politics,” p. 104.

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20 Ibid.

21 Robert Price to the duke of Beaufort, 11 December, Bodleian, Carte MSS, 130, fol. 385.

22 Ibid.

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