Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T06:48:55.688Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

ITQs and Community: An Essay on Environmental Governance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2016

Bonnie J. McCay
Bonnie J. McCay*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Ecology, Cook College, Rutgers the State University, New Brunswick, NJ
Get access

Abstract

Two important new directions in resource and environmental management are increased reliance on market mechanisms on the one hand, and on greater participation by local communities on the other. In fisheries, market-based management is found mainly in the “cap-and-trade” systems known as individual transferable quotas (ITQs). ITQs are effective in achieving certain economic goals but often with undesirable social costs, leading to the view that they are antithetical to community-based management. However, ITQ systems have been adapted to mitigate community losses. In addition, social resistance to ITQs has encouraged the development of innovative programs in community-based fisheries management.

Keywords

Canadacap-and-tradecommunityfisheries managementIcelandindividual transferable quotasUnited States
Type
Invited Presentations
Information
Agricultural and Resource Economics Review , Volume 33 , Issue 2 , October 2004 , pp. 162 - 170
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelaja, A., Menzo, J., and McCay, B. (1998). “Market Power, Industrial Organization, and Tradable Quotas.” Review of Industrial Organization 12(2), 589–601.Google Scholar
Andersen, P. (1983). ‘“On Rent of Fishing Grounds’: A Translation of Jens Warmings’ 1911 Article, with an Introduction.” History of Political Economy 15(3), 391–396.Google Scholar
Apostle, R., Barrett, G., Holm, P., Jentoft, S., Mazany, L., McCay, B., and Mikalsen, K. (1998). Community, Market, and State on the North Atlantic Rim: Challenges to Modernity in the Fisheries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Apostle, R., McCay, B., and Mikalsen, K. (2003). Enclosing the Commons: Individual Transferable Quotas in a Nova Scotia Fishery. St. John's, Newfoundland: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. O., and Dewees, C. M. (1992). “Putting Theory into Practice: Individual Transferable Quotas in New Zealand's Fisheries.” Society and Natural Resources 5, 179–198.Google Scholar
Burke, D. L., and Macgillivray, P. (1990). “The Move to Individual Quota Management in Canadian Fisheries and the Challenge of Catch Monitoring: The Key to Successful Stock Assessment and Enforcement.” Paper presented at the Fish Resource Assessment Seminar/Workshop, Technical University of Nova Scotia, September 18-19.Google Scholar
Casey, K. E., Dewees, C. M., Turris, B. R., and Wilen, J. E. (1995). “The Effects of Individual Vessel Quotas in the British Columbia Halibut Fishery.” Marine Resource Economics 10(3), 211–230.Google Scholar
Christy, F. T. Jr. (1973). “Fishermen's Quotas: A Tentative Suggestion for Domestic Management.” Occasional Papers No. 19, Law of the Sea Institute, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.Google Scholar
Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. V., and Bishop, R. C. (1975). “‘Common Property’ as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy.” Natural Resources Journal 15(4), 713–727.Google Scholar
Clark, C. W. (1973). “The Economics of Over-Exploitation.” Science 181, 630–634.Google Scholar
Copes, P., and Pálsson, G. (2000). “Challenging ITQs: Legal and Political Action in Iceland, Canada, and Latin America: A Preliminary Overview.” IIFET Proceedings 2000, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
Crothers, S. (1988). “Individual Transferable Quotas: The New Zealand Experience.” Fisheries 13(1), 10–12.Google Scholar
Deep Sea Fishermen's Union. (2002). “DSFU Involvement Mitigates IFQ Reduction by Alaskan Communities.” Online. Available at http://www.dsfu.org/news/news22apr02.htm. [Accessed June 19, 2004.]Google Scholar
Fraser, G. A. (1979). “Limited Entry: Experiences of the British Columbia Salmon Fishery.” Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36, 754–763.Google Scholar
Gordon, H. S. (1954). “The Economic Theory of a Common Property Resource: The Fishery.” Journal of Political Economy 62, 124–142.Google Scholar
Guth, H. K. (2001, Winter). “Comment: Dividing the Catch: Natural Resource Reparations to Indigenous Peoples—Examining the Maori Fisheries Settlement.” Hawaii Law Review 24, 179–243.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968). “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162, 1243–1248.Google Scholar
Kearney, J., Bull, A., Recchia, M., Desroches, M., Langille, L., and Cunningham, G. (1998). “Resistance to Privatisation: Community-Based Fisheries Management in an Industrialised Nation.” Paper presented at the International Workshop on Community-Based Natural Resource Management, The World Bank, Washington, DC, May 10-14.Google Scholar
Marine Fish Conservation Network. (2004, March 18). “Individual Fishing Quotas: Environmental, Public Policy, and Socioeconomic Impacts” MFCN, Washington, DC. Online website. Available at www.conservefish.org.Google Scholar
McCay, B. J. (1998). Oyster Wars and the Public Trust: Property, Law, and Ecology in New Jersey History. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
McCay, B. J. (1999). “‘That's Not Right’: Resistance to Enclosure in a Newfoundland Crab Fishery.” In Newell, D. and Ommer, R. (eds.), Fishing People, Fishing Places: Issues in Canadian Small-Scale Fisheries (pp. 301–320). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
McCay, B. J. (2000). “Sea Changes in Fisheries Policy: Contributions from Anthropology.” In Durrenberger, E. P. and King, T. D. (eds.), State and Community in Fisheries Management: Power, Policy, and Practice (pp. 201–217). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.Google Scholar
McCay, B. J., Apostle, R., and Creed, C. (1998). “ITQs, Co-management, and Community: Reflections from Nova Scotia.” Fisheries 23(4), 20–23.Google Scholar
McCay, B. J., Apostle, R., Creed, C., Finlayson, A. C., and Mikalsen, K. (1995). “Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) in Canadian and U.S. Fisheries.” Ocean and Coastal Management 28(1-3), 85–116.Google Scholar
McCay, B. J., and Brandt, S. (2001). “Changes in Fleet Capacity and Ownership of Harvesting Rights in the United States Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog Fishery.” In Shotton, R. (ed.), Case Studies on the Effects of Transferable Fishing Rights on Fleet Capacity and Concentration of Quota Ownership (pp. 44–60). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 412. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Moloney, D. G., and Pearse, P. H. (1979). “Quantitative Rights as an Instrument for Regulating Commercial Fisheries.” Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36, 859–866.Google Scholar
Moore, K. (2003). Clam Quota Study: Limit Ownership? Asbury Park, NJ: Asbury Park Press. Online. Available at http://www.app.com/app2001/story/0,21133,671938,00.html. [Accessed May 20, 2004.]Google Scholar
Muse, B., and Schelle, K. O. (1989). “Individual Fisherman's Quotas: A Preliminary Review of Some Recent Programs.” Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Juneau. Google Scholar
National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Regional Office. (2000). “Report to the Fleet.” Online. Available at www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfinc.Google Scholar
National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Regional Office. (2004). “Community Quota Program: Effective June 1, 2004.” Online. Available at http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/ram/cqp.htm.Google Scholar
National Research Council. (1999a). Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council. (1999b). Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Neher, P. A., Arnason, R., and Mollett, N., eds. (1989). Rights-Based Fishing. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pálsson, G., and Helgason, A. (1995). “Figuring Fish and Measuring Men: The Individual Transferable Quota System in the Icelandic Cod Fishery.” Ocean and Coastal Management 28(1-3), 117–146.Google Scholar
Pearse, P. H., and Wilen, J. E. (1979). “Impact of Canada's Salmon Fleet Control Program.” Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36(7), 764–769.Google Scholar
Plante, J. M. (2004). “Hook Fishermen Form Sector.” Commercial Fisheries News, Vol. 32, pp. 1A, 12-13A.Google Scholar
Scheiber, H. N., and Carr, C. (1997). “The Limited Entry Concept and the Pre-History of the ITQ Movement in Fisheries Management.” In Pálsson, G. and Petersdottir, G. (eds.), Social Implications of Quota Systems in Fisheries: Proceedings of a Seminar Held in the Westman Islands, Iceland, May 1996 (pp. 235–260). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar
Scott, A. (1955). “The Fishery: The Objectives of Sole Ownership.” Journal of Political Economy 63, 116–124.Google Scholar
Scott, A. (1996). “The ITQ as a Property Right: Where It Came From, How It Works, and Where It Is Going.” In Crowley, B. L. (ed.), Property Rights and Fishery Management on the Atlantic Coast (pp. 31–98). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Atlantic Institute for Market Studies.Google Scholar
Squires, D., Kirkley, J., and Tisdell, C. A. (1995). “Individual Transferable Quotas as a Fisheries Management Tool.” Reviews in Fisheries Science 3(2), 141–169.Google Scholar
Tietenberg, T. (2002). “The Tradable Permits Approach to Protecting the Commons: What Have We Learned?” In Ostrom, E., Dietz, T., Dolsak, N., Stem, P. C., Stonich, S., and Weber, E. U. (eds.), The Drama of the Commons (pp. 197–232). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2004). “Individual Fishery Quotas: Methods of Community Protection and New Entry Require Periodic Evaluation.” USGAO, Washington, DC. Online. Available at www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-277.Google Scholar
Warming, J. (1931). “Aalegaardoretten.” Nationaloekonomisk Tidsskrift 69, 152–161.Google Scholar
Young, M. D., and McCay, B. J. (1995). “Building Equity, Stewardship, and Resilience into Market-Based Property Rights Systems.” In Hanna, S. and Munasinghe, M. (eds.), Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues (pp. 87–102). Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar