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Settler State, Guerrilla War and Rural Underdevelopment in Rhodesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2021

Michael Bratton
Michael Bratton*
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
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Extract

[The designation “Rhodesia” is used to distinguish the colonial state, with which this article is concerned, from the future decolonized “Zimbabwe”. Readers interested in a less theoretical but more closely documented version of the arguments presented in this paper, plus analysis of the options and prospects for the administration of rural development in Zimbabwe, are referred to Beyond Community Development: The Political Economy of Rural Administration in Zimbabwe (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1978, 64 pp.) by the same author.]

Type
Research Article
Information
African Issues , Volume 9 , Issue 1-2 , Spring/Summer 1979 , pp. 56 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1979 

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References

Notes

1. Bowman, Larry W., Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 11 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2. Amin, Samir, Unequal Development (New York, Monthly Review Press, 1976), p. 327 Google Scholar.

3. Palmer, Robin and Parsons, Neil, The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977), p. 4 Google Scholar.

4. Wolpe, Howard, “The Theory of Internal Colonialism: The South African Case” in Oxaal, Ivor et al. Beyond the Sociology of Development (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975), p. 245 Google Scholar.

5. Laclau, Ernesto, “Feudalism and Capitalism in Latin America” New Left Review 67, 1971, p. 33 Google Scholar.

6. Hughes, A.J.B., Development in Rhodesián Tribal Trust Areas: An Overview (Salisbury, Tribal Areas of Rhodesia Research Foundation, 1974), p. 290 Google Scholar.

7. Cross, E. G., “The Tribal Trust Lands in Transition: The National Implications,” paper presented to the Natural Resources Board Symposium, University of Rhodesia (Salisbury, June 1977), p. 6 Google Scholar.

8. International Labour Office (I.L.O.), Labor Conditions and Discrimination in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) (Geneva, 1978), pp. 38-9.

9. Clarke, Duncan, The Unemployment Crisis, No. 3 in the series From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1978), p. 6 Google Scholar.

10. Okigbo, Pius, “The Distribution of National Income in African Countries,” in Marchai, Jean and Ducros, Bernard (eds.), The Distribution of National Income, (London, 1968), p. 402 Google Scholar.

11. The Whitsun Foundation, An Appraisal of Rhodesia’s Present and Future Development Needs (Salisbury, Whitsun Foundation, No. 03, 1976)Google Scholar. Note: all dollar amounts cited in this article refer to Rhodesian currency (Rh. $1 = approximately U.S. $1.50).

12. Rhodesia: Estimates of Expenditure Year Ending 30th June 1979 (Salisbury Government Printer, 1978), pp. 77, 79.

13. Riddell, Roger, Alternatives to Poverty, No. 1 in the series From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1977)Google Scholar.

14. Howman, H.R.G., “African Leadership in Transition,” NADA (Salisbury), 33, 1956, p. 13 Google Scholar.

15. Sutcliffe, R. B., “Stagnation and Inequality in Rhodesia, 1946-1968,” Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics, 33, 1971, pp. 43, 48Google Scholar.

16. Passmore, Gloria, The National Policy of Community Development in Rhodesia, (Salisbury, University of Rhodesia, 1972), ch. 5Google Scholar.

17. Weinrich, A.K.H., Chiefs and Councils in Rhodesia (London, Heinemann, 1971), chs. 9,10Google Scholar.

18. Holleman, J. F., Chief, Council and Commissioner: Some Problems of Government in Rhodesia (Assen, Netherlands, Afrika-Studie-centrum, 1969), pp. 782-3Google Scholar.

19. Rhodesia, , Prime Ministries Office, Local Government & Community Development: The Role of Ministries & Coordination (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1965), p. 8 Google Scholar.

20. Rhodesia;n Front, Provincialization, marked “Confidential,” 1974 mimeo, Annexure A, p. 1.

21. Rhodesia, , Report of the Secretary for African Education (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1964 to 1973)Google Scholar.

22. Lester K. Weiner, “African Education in Rhodesia since UDI” Africa Today, 1967, p. 15.

23. Hughes, op. cit., p. 79.

24. Provincialization, op. cit., p. 1.

25. Rhodesia, , Report of the Secretary for Internal Affairs (S.I.A.), 1972 (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1973), p. 1 Google Scholar.

26. Wilkinson, Anthony, “From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe” in Davidson, B., Slovo, J. & Wilkinson, A. Southern Africa: The New Politics of Revolution (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin, 1976), p. 286 Google Scholar.

27. S.I.A., 1972, op. cit., p. 1.

28. Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia, Rhodesia: The Propaganda War (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1977), p. 15.

29. The figures are based on the following estimates for mid-1978: protected and consolidated villages 750,000 (projection of 1977 figures); urban migrants since 1972, 500,000 (Washington Post, 4 July 1978); refugees in Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique, 150,000 (Christian Aid, Refugees: Africa’s Challenge, London, April 1978; Southern Africa, November 1978, p. 14).

30. Rhodesia Herald, 23 June 1976.

31. Rhodesia, Estimates of Expenditure, op. cit., pp. 76-77.

32. Weinrich, A.K.H., “Strategic Resettlement in Rhodesia” Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1977, pp. 207–229 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33. I.L.O., op. cit., p. 37.

34. S.I.A., 1972, op. cit., p. 17.

35. Tony Hodges, “Counterinsurgency and the Fate of Rural Blacks,” Africa Report, September-October 1977, p. 17.

36. Ibid.: the D.C. and his staff were made directly responsible for collection of rates and taxes and their arms were strengthened by the Emergency Powers (Collection of Amenities Debts) Regulations which authorized the seizure of cash or property from non-compliant peasants.