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Mozambique and the United Nations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2019

Mohamed El-Khawas
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Extract

Mozambique has been a difficult and frustrating problem for the United Nations ever since the mid-1950s when Portugal first became a member of the United Nations and denied that it had any territories which did not fully govern themselves. Although the General Assembly and the Security Council have both labored on the problem for many years, their action has not brought about any real improvements in the political or social realities in Mozambique.

Type
Research Article
Information
African Issues , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , Winter 1972 , pp. 30 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1972 

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References

Footnotes

1 Chilcote, Ronald H. “The International Protest against Portuguese Rule in Africa” in his book Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa: Documents (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1972), pp.531-34.Google Scholar

2 For more information on the Colonization of Mozambique by Portugal, see Hlomulo Chitofo Gwambe “Facts About Maqambique,” Ibid., pp.423-26. Eduardo Mondlane “Mozambique,” in Calvin W. Stillman, Africa in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1955), pp.233-44.

3 Portugal's legal argument for claiming exclusion from the process of decolonization is presented in Franco Nogueira's book, The United Nations and Portugal (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1963), pp.139-88. Patricia Wohlgemuth, “The Portuguese Territories and the United Nations,” International Concilliation, no. 545 (Nov. 1963), pp.21-31.

4 Kay, Hugh, Salazar and Modern Portugal (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970), pp.183–193.Google Scholar

5 Ibid., pp.187-88; Wohlgemuth, pp.9-12.

6 Res. 1541 (XV) — Study of Principles which should guide members in determining whether an obligation exists to transmit information under Article 73(e) of the Charter: resolution I recommended by the Fourth Committee (A/ 4651); adopted (69/2/21), 948th plen.mtg., Dec. 15, 1960, p.1292.

7 Res. 1542 (XV) — Transmission of information under Article 73(e) of the Charter: draft resolution II recommended by the Fourth Committee (A/4651) as a whole, adopted (68/6 /17), 948th plen.mtg., Dec. 15, 1960, p.1293.

8 A Principle in Torment: II, The United Nations and Portuguese Administered Territories (New York: United Nations, 1970), p.4.

9 Res. 1514 (XV) — Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and People: 43 power draft resolution (A/L.323 and Add. 1-6); adopted (89/0/9), 947th plen.mtg., Dec. 14, 1960, pp.1273-74.

10 Res. 1654 (XVI) — Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and People: 38 power draft resolution (A/L.366 and Add. 1-3); adopted (97/0/4), 1066 plen.mtg., Nov. 27, 1961, pp.871-72.

11 Res. 1810 (XVII) — Situation with regard to the implementation of Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and People: 34 power draft resolution (A/L.410 and Add. 1) as amended; adopted (101/0/4), 1195 plen.mtg., Dec. 17, 1962.

12 Res. 1699 (XVI) — Non-Compliance of Portugal with Chapter XI of the Charter and Res. 1542 (XV) of the G.A.; draft resolution recommended by the Fourth Committee (A/4998) as a whole, adopted (90/3/2), 1083rd plen.mtg., Dec. 19, 1961, p.1105.

13 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, pp.23-25.

14 Clark, William, “New Forces in the United Nations,” International Affairs, XXXV (July, 1960), p.329.Google Scholar UN. GA. OR. (XV) plen., 930th mtg., 1 Dec. 1960, paras. 60-65, pp.1058- 59, UN. GA. OR. (XVIII) plen., 1272nd mtg., 4 Dec. 1963, para. 71, p.7. Kay, David A., “Politics of Decolonization: The New Nations and the UN Political Process,” International Organization, XXI (Autumn, 1967), pp.786–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Russett, Bruce M., Trends in World Politics (New York, USA: MacMillan Co., 1965), p.69; Wohlgemuth, p.12.Google Scholar

15 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, p.20.

16 Janet Rae Mondlane “The Mozambique Refugee Situation” in Chilcote, pp.405-06.

17 Mondlane, Eduardo “Nationalism and Development.” in Portuguese Colonies: Victory or Death (Havana, Cuba: Urselia Diaz Baez, 1971), pp.186-90.Google Scholar

18 Marcum, John A., Portugal and Africa: The Politics of Indifference (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, 1972), p.4.Google Scholar

19 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, p.25.

20 Y.U.N., 1963, pp.483-88; Y.U.N., 1964, pp.446-67.

21 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, p.29.

22 “Proclamation to the Mozambican People” Chilcote, pp.460-61. For the complete text of the FRELIMO Communique issued by The Central Committee see Mozambican Revolution II (Oct., 1964), pp. 1-4. Chilcote, Ronald H., Portuguese Africa (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1967), pp.121–122 Google Scholar; Carol Bengelsdorf and Elsa Roberts Building Freedom: Mozambique's FRELIMO (Cambridge, Mass.: Africa Research Group, 1971), pp.8-10.

23 Y.U.N., 1964, p.33; Un. GA. OR. (XIX), 1330th plen.mtg., Feb. 18, 1965, p.7.

24 Y.U.N., 1969, p.707.

25 Basil Davidson “Arms and The Portuguese,” Africa Report (May 1970) pp.10-11; Y.U.N., 1965, pp.605-07.

26 Ibid.

27 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, pp.37-39; Mondlane “Nationalism and Development,” p.191.

28 Res. 2107 (XX) — Question of Territories under Portuguese Administration: draft resolution I recommended by the Fourth Committee (A/6209); adopted (66/26/15), A/PV 1407, Dec. 21, 1965, p.16.

29 Y.U.N., 1965, p.591. It should be pointed out that the flow of refugees from Mozambique continued to accelerate after this time. In 1967, for instance, 7000 refugees crossed the border to Tanzania and Zambia. The UN spent approximately one million dollars on Mozambican refugees up to 1967. See The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, pp.50-51.

30 Y.U.N., 1965, pp.607-608.

31 Ibid., p.610.

32 Ibid., p.609.

33 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, pp.40-45.

34 Y.U.N., 1969, p.704. UN Monthly Chronicle (Dec. 1970), p.72.

35 Y.U.N., 1965,pp.609-610.

36 For more information on the recent collaboration between Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia, see Working Paper on Territories under Portuguese Administration prepared by the UN Secretariat (A/AC.109/L.625), April 17, 1970, pp.56-58; Y.U.N., 1968, pp.796-97; UN Monthly Chronicle (Aug.- Sept. 1971), p.26.

37 The UN and Portuguese Administered Territories, pp.43-3, 52. Kay, pp.276-77. John Skyes, Portugal and Africa; the People and the War (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1971), p.64.

38 Res. 2189 (XXI) — Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples: 9 power draft resolution (A/L.507) as amended, adopted (76/7/20), 1492nd plen.mtg., Dec. 13, 1966. Res. 2326 (XXII). Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples: 38 power draft resolution (A/L.541/Res. 1), adopted (86/6/17);1 636th plen.mtg., Dec. 16, 1967.

39 UN Monthly Chronicle (Nov. 1971), pp.78-79; Africa Report (May 1970). p.10, Peter Enahoro “Africa's Forgotten Wars,” African Affairs (Africa No. 7, 1972), p.19; Jennifer Davis “Allies in Empire: Part 1 - U.S. Economic Involvement,” Africa Today (July-Aug. 1970), pp.6-18.

40 Mondlane “Nationalism and Development,” pp.245-47; Y.U. N., 1969, pp.703-05; UN Document A/AC. 109/L.749: (Oct. 8, 1971), pp.5-6. Cabora Bassa: Le Plus Grand Barrage d'Afrique, Problemes Africains et du Tiers Monde (19 aout 1971), p.6.

41 Kay, p.277.

42 William A. Hance “Cahora Bassa Hydro Project,” Africa Report (May 1970), pp.20-21; “Cahora Bassa: Why We Say No,” Mozambique Revolution (Oct.-Dec. 1970), pp.13-14.

43 Report of Sub-Committee I, Special Committee, A/AC.109/1. 749, Oct. 8, 1971.

44 UN Monthly Chronicle, (Jan. 1972), p.154.

45 Gibson, Richard, African Liberation Movements: Contemporary Struggles Against White Minority Rule (New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 1972), p.271 Google Scholar; Problemes Africains et du Tiers Monde (19 aout 1971), p.3.