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Chiefship and the history of Nyavingi possession among the Bashu of eastern Zaire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

Nyavingi possession has had a long and varied history among the peoples who occupy the borderlands of northern Rwanda, south-western Uganda and eastern Zaire. Jim Freedman (1974, 1979), Who has studied the cult's early history and diffusion, has suggested that Nyavingi, or Nyabingi, as it is more frequently spelled, initially emerged in association with the rule of the Bashambo clan in the ancient kingdom of Ndorwa, although its role as a religious support for Bashambo rule may only date from the collapse of Ndorwa and the establishment of Bashambo kingdoms to the west of Lake Bunyoni in Kigezi and in the Mutara district of Rwanda at the end of the eighteenth century. While it is perhaps impossible to define the exact role which Nyavingi played in the Bashambo states, Freedman suggests that, at least in the successor states, Nyavingi represented a powerful spirit of a deceased female ancestor of the Bashambo. Hopkins (1969) notes, in addition, that, as a result of its support of Bashambo rule in northern Rwanda, Nyavingi became a focus of local resistance to Tutsi political expansion into the region.

Résumé

Chef-archie et histoire de possession Nyavangi chez les Bashu du Zaire est

L'histoire de la possession Nyavingi parmiles peuplades qui occupent les terres en bordure du Rwanda du Nord, de l'Uganda du Sud-Ouest et du Zaïre Est, a ét´e marquée par différents changements dans l'identité du culte Nyavingi et de son rôle dans la société. Ces transformations ont été attribuées dans des ouvrages antérieurs aux changements qui ont pris place dans l'environnement politique à l'intérieur duquel le Nyavingi existait. Cette relation entre changement politique et religieux, se doit d'être completèment expliquée. L'étude en question, qui décrit l'histoire du Nyavingi chez les Bashu de l'Est du Zaïre essaye de le faire en examinant les changements qui ont eu lieu dans la nature de l'autorité du chef chez les Bashu au cours de l'epoque coloniale, et en décrivant comment ces changements furent interprétés par les Bashu en termes de leurs plus grandes perceptions des forces qui contribuaient au maintien de la santé et de la productivité dans la société, et comment le Nyavingi était lié a la Chef-archie à l'interieur de ce cadre intellectuel.

L'article commence par décrire les conceptions Bashu des conditions qui contribuent à l'obtention et au maintien d'une utopie de santé absolue et le rôle critique de la Chef-archie dans le maintien de la santé de la société. Les origines de la possession Nyavingi chez les Bashu y sont ensuite décrites. Au cours des décades du milieu de ce siècle la possession Nyavingi qui auparavant était un culte officiel controlé par les chefs et consacré à assurer la santé et la productivité de la société, s'est transformée en un culte décentralisé s'occupant des malheurs individuels, et officié par des gens ordinaires. Ceci est en rapport avec la déstabilisation de la Chef-archie durant l'époque coloniale, et avec les perceptions des Bashu quant à la signification de ce changement politique en terms des conditions nécessaires au maintien d'une utopie de santé.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1982

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